Capsule-Packed Freezing of Cooked Rice and Glutinous Rice Cakes

Cooked rice and commercial glutinous rice cakes were frozen by a capsule-packed freezing method we developed, then stored. Characteristics of samples frozen by this new method were compared with those of samples frozen in deep freezers (–20°C and –50°C), or chilled in an ordinary (5°C) or Cold Fog refrigerator (0°C). Texturometer measurements, glucoamylase digestion, and X-ray diffraction analysis of specimens thawed to room temperature indicated that the samples prepared by our new method were superior to those frozen in conventional freezers or chilled in refrigerators. Simulation experiments in a program freezer showed that rapid freezing and adequate tempering were characteristic of our capsule-packed method.     

人类学如何着眼景观？——景观人类学之新课题

景观人类学兴起于20世纪90年代的英语圈,21世纪后传入日本、中国。人类学家之所以于20世纪90年代后开始讨论景观,是因为当时景观作为新的分析概念正广受关注。人类学着眼景观概念后,开拓了新的学术领域,也直面新的课题。由此可以探讨人类学应用景观概念的意义和可能性。     

EFFECT OF WAVEFORM ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Abstract A study was made on the effects of stress rise time T ₁, maximum stress holding time T ₂, stress decreasing time T ₃ and minimum stress holding time T ₄ of a cycle on fatigue crack growth for a low alloy carbon steel in 3% NaCl solution. Measurements of the effective stress intensity range ratio U and observations of crack tip response were performed to clarify the causes of waveform effects.
The results were summarized as follows; T ₁ had a strong accelerating effect due to corrosive dissolution of the fresh surfaces of the crack which were formed during T ₁. The crack growth rate was enhanced as T ₁ increased and reached a constant value (about 3 times that in air) after T ₁= 10s. The crack growth rate at low Δ K , however, decreased as T ₁ increased more than T ₁= 1 s. T ₂, T ₃ and T ₄ decreased the crack growth rate. The extent of decrease not only depended on the period of T ₂ (or T ₃, T ₄), but also on Δ K and T ₁. A previously derived crack growth law which considered waveform and frequency effects, is also valid to a first approximation for the present results.     

Local analysis of the edge dislocation core in BaTiO3 thin film by STEM-EELS

The a <100> edge dislocation core formed in an epitaxial BaTiO₃ (BTO) thin film grown on a substrate was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Elemental analysis using core-loss spectrum indicates that the atomic ratios of O/Ti and Ba/Ti are decreased at the dislocation core. The near-edge fine structure of the oxygen K-edge recorded from the dislocation core differs slightly from that of relaxed BTO region, which suggests that Ba-O bonding is decreased at the dislocation core. The structure of the dislocation core is discussed using a high-angle annular dark-field image and the electron energy-loss spectroscopy results.     

Study on Construction of Industrial Large‐Scale Battery System

This paper proposes a construction method for battery systems that are widely used in industries. The battery system uses a building block structure combined with a battery module, whose capacity is less than 1 kWh. To manage the building block structured system, we propose a hierarchical structured management method. In each hierarchy, the voltage and temperature of the battery are monitored, and the information necessary for calculating charge states and detecting faults are sent to the upper hierarchy for the state management of the lower hierarchy. Furthermore, to ensure the safety during maintenance activities, we provide a guidance for understanding the insulation structure for the battery module, and develop a ground fault detection method that detects a decline in the insulation performance by using a rising method. For the experiment, we use a 30‐kWh trial manufacture battery system combined with the hierarchical management method. We verify that charge states and faults are detected in the battery of the system, and confirm that the system can be charged and discharged safely.     

Phototropic Glasses Activated by TlCl

Phototropic glasses in which TlCl crystallites play an active role were developed. When glasses containing Tl and Cl were reheated at 420° to 480°C for 3 to 20 h, phototropic glasses were obtained which were transparent, translucent, or opaque, depending on the temperature and time of heat treatment. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of these glasses indicated the presence of TlCl crystallites. The optical absorption in the visible region which developed in the glass after uv exposure was similar to that developed in TlCl crystals prepared by melting TlCl powder. These facts suggest that the phototropy is caused by TlCl crystallites precipitated in the glass by heat treatment. Optical absorption was measured during both darkening and bleaching of the glass.     

Changes in Free Amino Acids and Creatine Contents in Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) Muscle during Ice Storage

Free amino acids (FAA) and creatine contents of white and dark muscles of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) were measured and compared during ice storage. White muscle contained a large quantity of free histidine (1,160 mg/100g), while an equally large amount of taurine (1,150 mg/100g) was present in the dark muscle. Little change in the levels of most FAA occurred in the white muscle during ice storage for over 40 days but in the dark muscle the levels of almost all FAA except taurine increased significantly over a period of 33 days. Creatine was present in higher concentration in the white than in the dark muscle (510 vs 170 mg/100g), while its level did not change in either muscle during the entire storage period.     

GRANULATION AND DRYING OF POWDERY OR LIQUID MATERIALS BY FLUIDIZED-BED TECHNOLOGY

Abstract

Process of through-air-drying is becoming increasingly popular in the manufacture of textiles, non-wovens, tissue, and towel. Very high drying rates, enhanced product properties, i.e., softness, bulk, absorbency, unique 3D structure are the driving forces behind its increasing popularity. In this article, experimental results on convective heat and mass transfer and fluid flow characteristics of tissue and towel products using commercially realistic structures are presented. Comparison with literature data using wet pressed, dried, rewetted sheets indicate significant differences in drying and permeability characteristics confirming that the internal structure of the material does indeed play a significant role in through-air-drying and should be taken into account in modeling, optimization, and control of commercial systems.     

Study of Flavor Compounds of Essential Oil Extracts from Edible Japanese Kelps

VOLATILE OILS isolated by steam distillation of fresh edible kelps (Laminaria angustata, L. japonica, Kjellmaniella crassifolia, Costaria costata, Ecklonia cava, Alaria crassifolia, Undaria pinnatifida) were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major component characterized in the volatile oils of the kelps was isolated and identified as a sesquiterpene alcohol known as cubenol. Flavor evaluation determined that this alcohol was an important contributor to the kelp flavor. Additional major components included (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-no-nenal, (Z, Z)-3,6-nonadienal, (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienol, (E)-2-nonenol, myristic acid, and ω-hexadecenoic acid.     

Thermal Expansion of Substituted Copper Aluminosilicate Glasses

The effects of various components on the thermal expansion coefficient of low-expansion Cu₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glasses were examined. When a component of glass was substituted by another oxide, the expansion coefficient always increased, except for substitution of Al₂O₃ by B₂O₃. This result indicates that the essential components to maintain the low expansivity are Cu₂O, such trivalent oxides as Al₂O₃ and B₂O₃, and tetravalent oxide SiO₂. Glasses of the systems Cu₂O-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃, Cu₂O-Al₂O₃-GeO₂, and Cu₂O-Al₂O₃-P₂O₅, which were derived by replacing SiO₂ by other network-forming oxides, showed fairly low expansion coefficients compared with other conventional borate, germanate, and phosphate glasses. It was also found that the valence state of copper ions is important for the thermal expansion characteristics of these glasses; Cu⁺ ions contribute to the low expansion coefficient.