Theoretical and Experimental Study of Water Transport in a Hollow Cylinder Applied to the Drying of Round Squid Mantle

Until now, attention has been focused solely in the drying of squid mantle from an experimental point of view, neglecting the transport phenomenon studies of water in squid muscle. This work studies the drying of squid mantle (Loligo brasiliensis), previously salted and smoked by liquid smoking (hickory extract), using a tubular dryer in closed cycle with a silicagel fixed bed in series. The mass transfer phenomenon during drying was studied, based on the Fick's second law, with the effective diffusivity supposed constant, which enabled an analytical solution to the problem. The drying curve calculated with the resulting equation was compared with experimental data. The model was applied to a hollow cylinder geometry (round squid mantle), with its internal surface isolated from the drying environment by a plastic film. The latter was given a tubular form and introduced inside the mantle cavity (impervious wall boundary condition).     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Water Transport in a Hollow Cylinder Applied to the Drying of Round Squid Mantle

ABSTRACT

Until now, attention has been focused solely in the drying of squid mantle from an experimental point of view, neglecting the transport phenomenon studies of water in squid muscle. This work studies the drying of squid mantle (Loligo brasiliensis), previously salted and smoked by liquid smoking (hickory extract), using a tubular dryer in closed cycle with a silicagel fixed bed in series. The mass transfer phenomenon during drying was studied, based on the Fick's second law, with the effective diffusivity supposed constant, which enabled an analytical solution to the problem. The drying curve calculated with the resulting equation was compared with experimental data. The model was applied to a hollow cylinder geometry (round squid mantle), with its internal surface isolated from the drying environment by a plastic film. The latter was given a tubular form and introduced inside the mantle cavity (impervious wall boundary condition).     

SOME THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE THIN-LAYER DRYING OF FISH CRACKERS: PRODUCT EXPANSION ASSESSMENT

Fish crackers are semi-prepared starch-based products which must be expanded just prior to consumption. This work aims at the experimental and theoretical study of the thin-layer drying process of fish crackers in a thin disc geometry. The process was carried out in an insulated cabinet dryer and the experimental kinetic drying data were fitted using the analytical solutions resulting from both a drying model governed by the Fick' s second law and a model based on the lumped system, highlighting the adequacy of each of them. Therefore, it was possible to calculate the mass transfer coefficients for seven different blends offish crackers. Also, the effect of the drying time on the bulk density of the puffed product was evaluated for these seven blends. Both the kinetic drying parameters and the optimal bulk density responses were analyzed using the Simplex-Lattice Design over a mixture triangle within a minimal number of experiments.     

SOME THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE THIN-LAYER DRYING OF FISH CRACKERS: PRODUCT EXPANSION ASSESSMENT

ABSTRACT

Fish crackers are semi-prepared starch-based products which must be expanded just prior to consumption. This work aims at the experimental and theoretical study of the thin-layer drying process of fish crackers in a thin disc geometry. The process was carried out in an insulated cabinet dryer and the experimental kinetic drying data were fitted using the analytical solutions resulting from both a drying model governed by the Fick' s second law and a model based on the lumped system, highlighting the adequacy of each of them. Therefore, it was possible to calculate the mass transfer coefficients for seven different blends offish crackers. Also, the effect of the drying time on the bulk density of the puffed product was evaluated for these seven blends. Both the kinetic drying parameters and the optimal bulk density responses were analyzed using the Simplex-Lattice Design over a mixture triangle within a minimal number of experiments.     

Involvement of testosterone in the induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 2B1/2 (P-450 2B1/2) by 1-benzylimidazole in male and female rats: sex-differentiated induction of P-450 2B1/2 species

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model for the human autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CIA can be induced in several species including primates by immunization with heterologous type-II collagen (CII). Polyclonal antibodies are formed upon immunization with CII that exhibit a broad range of epitope specificities (some that cross-react with hose CII); however, only antibodies directed against certain specific epitopes on CII are arthritogenic. Recently, the importance of cognate interactions between T-cells and B-cells to the induction of CIA was demonstrated by administration of monoclonal antibodies against a T-cell surface protein, gp39. Blocking the interaction of T-cell gp39, with its receptor/ligand on the surface of B-cells (CD40), completely blocked induction of CIA in mice. A concomitant reduction in the level of anti-CII IgG produced in anti-gp39-treated animals was observed, demonstrating the crucial importance of T-cell:B-cell interactions via gp39:CD-40 binding to the primary immune response to CII in vivo and therefore to the induction of CIA. Other features of CIA are important in elucidating the condition and this article will deal with some important issues.     

Diffusive Model with Shrinkage in the Thin-Layer Drying of Fish Muscles

Fish fillets present large variation in volume during drying, due to their high initial moisture content. A kinetical study on the drying of fish muscles in slabs shaped with constant air conditions at three temperature levels is presented. For the modeling of the drying process of these materials, a diffusive model can be used, assuming a one-dimensional volume change. A linear correlation was considered between the thickness of the material and its moisture content, where the linear shrinkage coefficient has been determined. The resulting dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equation was solved numerically by the finite differences technique.     

Adrenalectomy for treatment of Cushing syndrome: results in 122 patients and long-term follow-up studies

Patients with Cushing syndrome (n = 122) who underwent adrenalectomy from 1957 through 1993 were reviewed for survival and complications. Of the 122 patients, 70 had adrenocortical adenoma, 30 Cushing's disease, 6 primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), 7 other types of primary nodular hyperplasia, 5 adrenocortical carcinoma, and 4 ectopic ACTH syndrome. Sixty-five patients with adrenocortical adenoma are alive, and the survival rate was equal to the age-matched control population, when patients who died of the postoperative complication were excluded. Of the patients with Cushing's disease, 20 are alive; and 10 of 16 patients (63%) who were followed-up and evaluated had skin pigmentation. Four of sixteen patients (25%) developed Nelson's syndrome. Four PPNAD patients and five with other types of nodular hyperplasia are alive. Most of these patients underwent bilateral total adrenalectomy, but some patients remitted after unilateral adrenalectomy. All of five adrenocortical carcinoma patients and four with ectopic ACTH syndrome died within 2 years after operation. The prognosis for patients with adrenocortical adenoma after unilateral adrenalectomy is excellent, though it is important to avoid operative complications. The rapid cure of signs and symptoms of glucocorticoid excess after total adrenalectomy is ensured, and prognosis is satisfactory under careful glucocorticoid replacement, making total adrenalectomy an alternative treatment for Cushing's disease.     

A study of action point correction factor for L‐type flanges of wind turbine towers

A correction factor accounting for the effect of elastic deformation of flange is proposed for the ultimate strength analysis of L‐type flanges used for wind turbine towers. It is derived based on systematic analyses and explicitly expressed as a function of flange dimensions. The proposed factor is simple and suitable for the engineering applications, comparing with the conventional formula for the ultimate strength analysis of flange connections.