中压配电网中的故障定位

引言根据荷兰全国年度故障记录,大多数供电中断是由中压电网中的故障造成的。大约70 %的供电中断起源于中压等级电网。平均需化费90分钟时间来进行故障定位和恢复供电的操作。2 0 %的供电中断起源于高压输电网。由于输电系统中的冗余考虑及电网的自动化,这些中断的供电可很快恢复。另有10 %的供电中断起源于低压配电网。在这些配电网中,恢复供电可能要化较长的时间,但受停电影响用户的数量不多。为了减少每个用户的平均停电时间,必须优先考虑缩短在中压电网中故障情况下的恢复供电时间。由此,一个主要的项目就是要减少故障定位的时间。NUO…     

无机化学实验教学中的环境教育

本文总结了无机化学实验教学中进行环境教育的内容,探讨了无机化学实验教学中进行环境教育的途径。     

Partial ureteric obstruction: a study of Doppler ultrasonography and diuretic renography in different grades and durations of obstruction

OBJECTIVES: To study the changes in renal resistive index (RI) and renal function with time during different grades of partial unilateral ureteric obstruction, and to determine the correlation between the ultrasonographic and renographic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten dogs underwent right partial ureteric obstruction: grade 1 (mild) obstruction was applied in five dogs (group A) and grade 3 (moderate and severe) obstruction in the other five (group B). All dogs were assessed using excretory urography, diuretic renography with the calculation of half-time drainage (T 1/2) and bilateral renal Doppler ultrasonography before the experiment began, after one week of obstruction, and every 2 weeks during 8 weeks of obstruction. RESULTS: In both groups, after the induction of right ureteric obstruction, there was a progressive decrease of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and a progressive increase of the RI of the right kidney at the end of the first and second weeks of obstruction, with an almost stable value thereafter. The decrease of ERPF and the increase of RI in the right kidney were correlated with the degree of obstruction. There was also a dramatic increase of T 1/2 of the right kidney that correlated with the degree of obstruction. Concomitantly, there was a significant compensatory increase of ERPF and a significant decrease of the RI of the left kidney in both groups. The compensatory increase in CRPF limited the loss in total ERPF in both groups. The contribution of obstructed kidney to the total ERPF was significantly reduced in both groups. At the end of the eighth week, taking all kidneys together, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the ERPF and RI, and between ERPF and T 1/2 and a positive correlation between T 1/2 and RI. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral partial ureteric obstruction increased the RI and T 1/2 and decreased the ERPF of the corresponding kidney, together with a decrease of RI and an increase in ERPF of the contralateral kidney. The more severe the obstruction, the greater the increase in RI and T 1/2 and the decrease in ERPF. After the obstruction stabilized, RI and T 1/2 were positively correlated.     

穿透硅通孔：兼顾技术与成本的考虑

采用3维（3D）芯片层叠的生产技术用于制造更复杂、性能更强大、更具成本效率的系统，是一个具有前景的方向。采用穿透硅通孔（Thmugh Silicon Via，TSV）的连接技术可以有效地实现这种3D芯片层叠。这个技术很快已经初具雏形：公司和研究中心已经找到许多可能的方法实现TSV，并与3D模块集成。     

Modulation of glomerular hypertension defines susceptibility to progressive glomerular injury

The fawn-hooded rat constitutes a spontaneous model for chronic renal failure with early systemic and glomerular hypertension, proteinuria (UpV) and high susceptibility to development of focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis (FGS). It has been argued that uninephrectomy (UNX) accelerates the development of glomerular injury by aggravation of glomerular hypertension and by an independent effect to promote glomerular enlargement. The present study was performed to further delineate the importance of these parameters for the development of FGS. At the age of eight weeks male rats were UNX and randomly assigned to either control (CON), enalapril (ENA) or Nw-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) treatment. In all groups glomerular hemodynamic studies were performed four weeks post-UNX. Systemic blood pressure and UpV were monitored for 4 to 12 weeks post-UNX. Kidneys were then prepared for morphologic study. ENA treatment achieved control of both systemic and glomerular hypertension, maintenance of glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion, increased ultrafiltration coefficient(Kf), and long-term protection against UpV and FGS. NAME rats showed aggravation of both systemic and glomerular hypertension, decreased renal perfusion and filtration with reduced Kf, and high filtration fraction. The incidence of FGS in NAME and CON groups was similar at 8 and 12 weeks post-UNX, respectively. Glomerular enlargement was present in CON and ENA rats, but did not correlate with injury, while glomerular tuft size was lowest in NAME rats, which displayed prominent glomerular injury. Systemic blood pressure correlated strongly with glomerular capillary pressure. We conclude that systemic and glomerular hypertension govern the development of UpV and FGS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Modelling consumer intention to use gambling technologies: an innovative approach

This paper reports the results of a study that sought to analyse the attributes of gambling technologies that affect consumer intention to use card-based gambling in Australia. A 23-item questionnaire was developed from an analysis of interviews with 20 key industry stakeholders, adapted to a modified version of existing technology acceptance model (TAM) questions (Davis 1989, Wang et al. 2003), then administered to 134 patrons of two gambling venues.

Data reduction yielded three constructs consistent with the TAM: 'ease-of-use', 'perceived usefulness' and 'intention to use' the technology. Significant correlation was found in each component, and each set of component items exhibited high internal reliability. Further analysis using structural equation modelling revealed that 'usefulness' is a significant predictor of 'intention to use' card-based gambling systems, and that 'ease-of-use' also has a positive effect on intention. Replication of these results, complemented by actual usage data, will enhance understanding of the benefits.     

降低双重图形光刻的成本

双重图形（DP）将是32nm技术节点的备选光刻技术之一。但由于这种方法需要两次曝光和两次刻蚀步骤,因此工艺成本较高且比较耗时。IMEC及其研发伙伴已经详细研究了替代工艺流程,从成本、关键尺寸均匀性（CDU）、线条粗糙度（LR）和套刻精度的角度,对工艺流程和材料进行了评估。     

Tubuloglomerular feedback and prolonged ACE-inhibitor treatment in the hypertensive fawn-hooded rat

BACKGROUND: The spontaneously hypertensive fawn-hooded (FHH) rat develops severe glomerulosclerosis with ageing. The afferent arteriolar resistance is low, resulting in a strongly elevated glomerular capillary pressure (P(GC)). METHODS: Afferent arteriolar resistance is under the control of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system, and we studied whether young FHH rats, i.e. at a stage when only mild glomerulosclerosis was present, have diminished TGF responsiveness. RESULTS: Maximum TGF-mediated decreases in stop-flow pressure in response to late proximal perfusion with artificial tubular fluid were 9.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg, a value not different or even slightly lower than observed in normal rats. P(GC) was 59.9 +/- 1.2 mmHg and the estimated P(GC) at half-maximal activation of the TGF system (operating P(GC)) was 54.5 +/- 0.8 mmHg at 11 weeks of age (n = 11), a value higher than observed in normal rats. The second question of the present study concerns the effect of chronic angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-i) administration on P(GC). ACE-i, by reducing angiotensin II (Ang II) availability, diminishes TGF responsiveness, which would offset the beneficial effect on P(GC) under normal flow conditions to the macula densa. Maximum TGF responses were 8.9 +/- 1.0 and 17.5 +/- 1.5 mmHg in 11- and 26-week-old rats that had been treated with the ACE-i lisinopril in the drinking water started when the animals were 7 weeks of age. P(GC) was 44.3 +/- 1.2 (n = 9) and operating P(GC) was 40.1 +/- 1.6 mmHg (n = 9) at 11, values significantly lower than in untreated rats. Values remained lower in the 26-week-old treated animals and were 40.9 +/- 0.8 and 32.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: (1) the TGF system in this model of spontaneous hypertension and glomerulosclerosis is intact, despite the fact that the FHH rat has a characteristically low afferent arteriolar resistance as compared to other hypertensive rats; (2) the rat displays a normal or even enhanced function of the TGF system following prolonged administration of the ACE-i lisinopril. The latter finding indicates that the reduction of P(GC) achieved by the ACE-i is not offset by a concomitant attenuation of TGF function.     

用于3D WLP和3D SIC的穿透硅通孔技术

数家研究小组和公司已经展示了通过芯片叠层和穿透硅通孔（TSV）互连来实现复杂3D芯片的可行性。     

From segmental glomerulosclerosis to total nephron degeneration and interstitial fibrosis: a histopathological study in rat models and human glomerulopathies

BACKGROUND: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is consistently associated with tubular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis, altogether, accounting for the progressive decline in renal function. The mechanisms which link glomerular injury to tubulo-interstitial fibrosis are controversial. The present study describes the step-by-step sequence of histopathological events, i.e. the evolution of the injury from the initial lesion in the glomerulus to total nephron destruction. METHODS: The investigation was performed in male hypertensive Fawn-hooded rats (6-, 9-, and 12-month-old) and 14-month-old Milan normotensive rats. The kidneys were fixed by in vivo perfusion and processed for structural investigation. Autopsy materials from human cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy were also examined. RESULTS: FSGS as seen in rat models consists of collapsed and hyalinized capillaries and mesangial portions which are included within a synechia between the glomerular tuft and Bowman's capsule. In addition, a synechia generally contains glomerular capillaries which are perfused and continue to filter with the filtrate being delivered into the interstitium rather than into Bowman's capsular space. Such filtration creates a paraglomerular space on the outer aspect of the parietal epithelium. This space becomes separated from the interstitium by a dense layer of sheet-like fibroblast processes. Associated with the progression to global sclerosis, this space spreads around the entire circumference of a glomerulus; all 'sclerotic' tuft portions are eventually contained in this space. Starting from the urinary pole this process also involves the proximal tubule, initially by expanding the tubular basement membrane (TBM) and later, by separating the TBM from its epithelium, thus creating a peritubular space by misdirected filtrate spreading. Similar to the situation observed at the glomerulus this space becomes separated from the interstitium by a layer of fibroblast processes. The final degeneration of the nephron occurs via two pathways. Pathway I whereby development to global sclerosis is dominant or develops concurrently with tubular degeneration, eventually terminating in global and cylindrical remnants of extracellular matrix surrounded by abundant fibrous tissue. Pathway II where the degeneration of the tubule is ahead of damage progression in the glomerulus leading to atubular glomerular cysts. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that severely injured glomeruli may continue to filter with the filtrate spreading along interstitial routes. Fluid added locally to the interstitium from such 'extraterritorial' glomerular capillaries probably is quite different in quantity and composition compared to that from interstitial capillaries. We propose that this kind of abnormal addition of fluid to the interstitium is the essential mechanism accounting for interstitial progression of the disease. Similar histopathological phenomena in human kidneys with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis suggest that the pathogenetic pathways defined in the rat models operate in human disease as well.