Effects of Winding Attachment Positions on Output Characteristics of Flux‐Modulating Synchronous Machines

The flux‐modulating synchronous machine (FMSM) is a new type of multipole SM with nonoverlapping concentrated armature and field windings on the stator. This paper compares the output characteristics of two FMSMs through finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments. In both of the FMSMs, the attachment positions of the armature and field windings are swapped. To determine the reason for the discrepancies in their output characteristics, unsaturated inductances were calculated using a d‐‐q equivalent circuit. In addition, the calculated results of the inductances were confirmed through a visualization of the leakage fluxes using FEA. The results of the study show that the synchronous inductance can be reduced by attaching the armature winding to the air‐gap side of the stator teeth and that the reduction leads to an increase in output power.     

Fabrication of a poly-Si thin-film transistor with storage capacitor

The fabrication process of a low-temperature poly-Si thin-film transistor (TFT) with a storage capacitor was studied. The atmospheric-pressure chemical-vapour deposited SiO₂ protected the buried indium tin oxide (ITO) from reduction by a pure H₂ plasma treatment that was essential for the effective improvement of the poly-Si TFT characteristics. Thus, a storage capacitor with an ITO (picture electrode)-SiO₂-ITO (buried common electrode) structure was successfully fabricated. The poly-Si TFT with a channel width/length W/L ratio of 5 drove a 3 pF storage capacitor in 2 μs, and it showed superior driverability for LCD use. The TFT also had good hold characteristics under illumination for the realization of grey-scale representation.     

Three-dimensional motion of the upper cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis frequently contributes to instability of the upper cervical spine. Rotational instability of the upper cervical spine was evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis patients using biplanar x-ray photogrammetry. Three-dimensional cervical motion and the instantaneous axis of rotation of the atlas relative to the axis were evaluated in normal and rheumatoid arthritis patients during axial rotation in the horizontal plane. Anterior atlantoaxial subluxation did not increase during axial head rotation in either the atlantoaxial subluxation or the vertical subluxation groups, while the instantaneous axes of rotation were distributed posteriorly in the dens in the RA-normal group, but were widely scattered in the atlantoaxial subluxation group.     

A 10-s doping technology for the application of low-temperaturepolysilicon TFTs to giant microelectronics

A bucket-type high-density (0.25-1.2-mA/cm²) low-energy (500-2000 V) ion source was utilized for high-speed phosphorus doping directly into a thin polysilicon layer without cap SiO₂. Doping gas with He dilution was selected to reduce etching of polysilicon film. Excimer laser (XeCl, 8 mm×8 mm) pulse annealing was introduced to activate effectively the doped impurity. The combination of these techniques provided a practically low sheet resistance for the TFT source, drain, and gate with a short time doping. The low-temperature polysilicon TFT fabricated with a doping time of 10 s had characteristics comparable to those of that fabricated by a longer time doping or conventional ion implantation, showing the practicality of this technology and its promise for giant microelectronics     

Cooling condition dependence on ion etching rate in a softmagnetic metallic glass

Taking into consideration the knock-on cascade mechanism and the free volume theory, the cooling condition dependentR _s (ion etching rate) is investigated for a liquid-quenched Fe-10at%Si-15at%B alloy glass. A highR _s is found in a slow cooled glass.     

A new fabrication technology for AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT LSIs using InGaAsnonalloyed ohmic contacts

The authors studied the nonalloyed ohmic characteristics of HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors). At high integration levels, nonalloyed ohmic contacts were found to have two advantages: an extremely short ohmic length with low parasitic source series resistance and direct connection between the source/drain and gate with the same metal. The propagation delay in a ring oscillator with a single-metal source/drain and gate formed simultaneously was 37 ps/gate (L _g=0.9 μm). The very short ohmic metal contacts and just three contact holes made it possible to reduce the memory cell area greatly. The cell is 21.5×21.5 μm², one of the smallest ever reported for a GaAs-based static RAM. Using smaller load HEMTs or resistor loads in the memory cell, combined with nonalloyed ohmic technology with quarter- or subquarter-micrometer-gate HEMTs it is possible to fabricate a very-high-speed LSI such as a 64-kb static RAM with a reasonable chip size     

Ultrahigh-speed HEMT LSI technology for supercomputer

The current status of high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology at Fujitsu for high-performance VLSI is presented, focusing on device performance in the submicrometer dimensional range and the HEMT LSIs implemented in supercomputer systems. The HEMT is a very promising device for ultrahigh-speed LSI/VLSI applications because of the high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction structure. A 1.1 K-gate bus-driver logic LSI has been developed to demonstrate the high-speed data transfer in a high-speed parallel processing system at room temperature, operating at 10.92 GFLOPS. A cryogenic 3.3 K-gate random number generator logic LSI with maximum clock frequency of 1.6 GHz has also been developed to demonstrate the high-clock-rate system operations at liquid-nitrogen temperature. For VLSI level complexity, a HEMT 64-kb static RAM with 1.2-ns access operation and a 45 K-gate gate array with 35-ps logic delay have been developed operating at room temperature, demonstrating the high performance required for future high-speed computer systems     

Accelerator Analysis of Tributyltin Adsorbed onto the Surface of a Tributyltin Resistant Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. Cell

Tributyltin (TBT) released into seawater from ship hulls is a stable marine pollutant and obviously remains in marine environments. We isolated a TBT resistant marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. TBT1 from sediment of a ship’s ballast water. The isolate (10^{9.3 ± 0.2} colony-forming units mL⁻¹) adsorbed TBT in proportion to the concentrations of TBTCl externally added up to 3 mM, where the number of TBT adsorbed by a single cell was estimated to be 10^8.2. The value was reduced to about one-fifth when the lysozyme-treated cells were used. The surface of ethanol treated cells became rough, but the capacity of TBT adsorption was the same as that for native cells. These results indicate that the function of the cell surface, rather than that structure, plays an important role to the adsorption of TBT. The adsorption state of TBT seems to be multi-layer when the number of more than 10^6.8 TBT molecules is adsorbed by a single cell.     

A predictive controller based on dynamic matrix control for a non-minimum phase robot manipulator

In this paper a hybrid control strategy is presented based on Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) and feedback linearization methods for designing a predictive controller of five bar linkage manipulator as a MIMO system (two inputs and two outputs). Analyzing the internal dynamic of robot shows the open loop system is unstable and non-minimum phase, so in order to apply the predictive controller, special modifications are needed. These modifications on non-minimum phase behavior are performed using feedback linearization procedure based on state space realization. The design objective is to track a desirable set point as well as time varying trajectories as a command references with globally asymptotical stabilization. The proposed controller is applied to nonlinear fully coupled model of the typical five bar linkage manipulator with non-minimum phase behavior. Simulation results show that the proposed controller has good efficiency. The step responses of system with and without feedback linearization process illustrated that the mentioned modification for stabilizing is performed properly. After applying the proposed predictive controller, the joint angle of robot tracks the reference input while another input acts as the disturbance and vice versa.     

Sustainable Basin-Scale Water Allocation with Hydrologic State-Dependent Multi-Reservoir Operation Rules

This study extends the PSO-MODSIM model, integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and MODISM river basin decision support system (DSS) to determine optimal basin-scale water allocation, in two aspects. The first is deriving hydrologic state-dependent (conditional) operating rules to better account for drought and high-flow periods, and the second is direct, explicit consideration of sustainability criteria in the model’s formulation to have a better efficiency in basin-scale water allocation. Under conditional operating rules, the operational parameters of reservoir target storage levels and their priority rankings were conditioned on the hydrologic state of the system in a priority-based water allocation scheme. The role of conditional operating rules and policies were evaluated by comparing water shortages associated with objective function values under unconditional and conditional operating rules. Optimal basin-scale water allocation was then evaluated by incorporating reliability, vulnerability, reversibility and equity sustainability indices into the PSO objective function. The extended model was applied for water allocation in the Atrak River Basin, Iran. Results indicated improved distribution of water shortages by about 7.5% using conditional operating rules distinguishing dry, normal and wet hydrologic states. Alternative solutions with nearly identical objective function values were found with sustainability indices included in the model.