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排序方式: 共有110条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Macroscopic analysis of design processes based on a scheme for coding designers' cognitive actions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We have devised a new scheme for coding designers' cognitive actions from video/audio design protocols. Designers' actions are coded into four cognitive levels; physical, perceptual, functional and conceptual. Relations between actions belonging to different levels, such as dependencies and triggering relations, are also coded. The present scheme has two benefits. First, we found that design actions are definable in a systematic way using the vocabulary of the scheme, and thus a designer's cognitive behaviours in each of local design stages is represented as a structure composed of defined primitive actions. This is expected to lay the foundation for microscopic analyses of how particular types of actions contribute to the formation of key design ideas. Second, this scheme is suitable for macroscopic analyses of how designers cognitively interact with their own sketches. We examined, for a practising architect, the ways in which drawing, inspection of drawings, perception, and functional thoughts correlated with one another in his design process. The findings suggest that design sketches serve not only as external memory or as a provider of visual cues for association of non-visual information, but also as a physical setting in which design thoughts are constructed on the fly. 相似文献
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The radiation-induced copolymerization of the methyl chloride salt of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM·MC) with acrylamide (AAm) was used to prepare a cationic polymer flocculant. The polymerization rate increased with increasing dose rate, polymerization temperature, monomer concentration and mole fraction of AAm in the monomer mixture. The molecular weight of the copolymer was also found to increase with monomer concentration and mole fraction of AAm, but at high concentration and fraction of AAm, intermolecular crosslinking tends to occur during the polymerization to form water-insoluble copolymer. A water-soluble copolymer having various molecular weights and cationic strengths can be synthesized by selecting suitable reaction conditions; i.e., this radiation process can provide a much higher molecular weight copolymer with a wide range of cationic strength. The flocculation effect was evaluated using sludge from wastewater of sugar manufacture. It was found that the radiation-polymerized copolymer DMAEM·MC–AAm has an excellent flocculation effect. 相似文献
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Masaaki Takehisa Hiromasa Watanabe Hirondo Kurihara Kouichi Yamaguchi Hayato Nakajima Toshiaki Yagi Terutaka Watanabe Takanobu Sugo Takeshi Suwa Shinsaku Maruyama Atsuro Kodama Takeo Shimada Yoshio Maruyama Masamichi Tohei Takeshi Wada Sueo Machi 《应用聚合物科学杂志》1979,24(8):1831-1844
Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene using aqueous tert-butyl alcohol as medium was carried out in a large-scale pilot plant with a 50-liter central source-type reactor at a pressure of 105 to 395 kg/cm2, temperature of 30° to 80°C, mean dose rate of 4.5 × 104 to 1.9 × 105 rads/hr, ethylene feed rate of 5.5 to 23.5 kg/hr, and medium feed rate of 21 to 102 l./hr. The space–time yield and molecular weight of the polymer were in the range of 4.7 to 16.8 g/l.-hr and 1.3 × 104 to 8.9 × 104, respectively. The space–time yield and molecular weight increased with mean residence time at 30°C, whereas at 80°C they became almost independent of the time. The space–time yield increased with pressure and dose rate, slightly decreased with temperature, and was maximum at ethylene molar fraction of 0.5. The polymer molecular weight increased with pressure and ethylene molar fraction, and decreased with dose rate and temperature. The total amount of deposited polymer on the reactor wall, source case wall, and scraping blades was usually less than 1 kg, which was negligibly small for the analysis of polymerization. Continuous discharge of the polymer slurry and production of fine-powder polyethylene were successfully carried out. In the central source-type reactor, a dose rate of 1.9 × 105 rads/hr was obtained with a 60Co source of ca. 12 kCi. 相似文献
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Jun Nakamura Yuusuke Maruyama Genichi Tajima Makiko Suwa Chikara Sato 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(6)
The Ca2+-ATPase is an integral transmembrane Ca2+ pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Crystallization of the cytoplasmic surface ATPase molecules of isolated scallop SR vesicles was studied at various calcium concentrations by negative stain electron microscopy. In the absence of ATP, round SR vesicles displaying an assembly of small crystalline patches of ATPase molecules were observed at 18 µM [Ca2+]. These partly transformed into tightly elongated vesicles containing ATPase crystalline arrays at low [Ca2+] (≤1.3 µM). The arrays were classified as ‘’tetramer’’, “two-rail” (like a railroad) and ‘’monomer’’. Their crystallinity was low, and they were unstable. In the presence of ATP (5 mM) at a low [Ca2+] of ~0.002 µM, “two-rail” arrays of high crystallinity appeared more frequently in the tightly elongated vesicles and the distinct tetramer arrays disappeared. During prolonged (~2.5 h) incubation, ATP was consumed and tetramer arrays reappeared. A specific ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, prevented both crystal formation and vesicle elongation in the presence of ATP. Together with the second part of this study, these data suggest that the ATPase forms tetramer units and longer tetramer crystalline arrays to elongate SR vesicles, and that the arrays transform into more stable “two-rail” forms in the presence of ATP at low [Ca2+]. 相似文献
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A Two-Dimensional Bandwidth Extrapolation Technique for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Images 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The resolution of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image, in range and azimuth, is determined by the transmitted bandwidth and the synthetic aperture length, respectively. Various superresolution techniques for improving resolution have been proposed, and we have proposed an algorithm that we call polarimetric bandwidth extrapolation (PBWE). To apply PBWE to a radar image, one needs to first apply PBWE in the range direction and then in the azimuth direction, or vice versa . In this paper, PBWE is further extended to the 2-D case. This extended case (2D-PBWE) utilizes a 2-D polarimetric linear prediction model and expands the spatial frequency bandwidth in range and azimuth directions simultaneously. The performance of the 2D-PBWE is shown through a simulated radar image and a real polarimetric SAR image 相似文献
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A new multidisciplinary design and optimization methodology in electronics packaging is presented. A genetic algorithm combined with multidisciplinary design and multiphysics analysis tools are used to optimize key design parameters. This methodology is developed to improve the electronic package design process by performing multidisciplinary design and optimization at an early design stage. To demonstrate its capability, the methodology is applied to a ball grid array (BGA) package design. Multidisciplinary criteria including thermal, thermal strain, electrical, electromagnetic leakage, and cost are optimized simultaneously. A simplified routability analysis criterion is used as a constraint. The genetic algorithm is used for systematic design optimization. The present methodology can be applied to electronics product design at various packaging levels. 相似文献
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Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements: important vehicles for a design process 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Designers, during a conceptual design process, do not just synthesize solutions that satisfy initially given requirements, but also invent design issues or requirements that capture important aspects of the given problem. How do they do this? What becomes the impetus for the invention of important issues or requirements? So-called ‘unexpected discoveries', the acts of attending to visuo-spatial features in sketches which were not intended when they were drawn, are believed to contribute to it. The purpose of the present research is to verify this hypothesis. Analysing the cognitive processes of a practising architect in a design session, we found that in about a half of his entire design process there were bi-directional relations between unexpected discoveries and the invention of issues or requirements. Not only did unexpected discoveries become the driving force for the invention of issues or requirements, but also the occurrence of invention, in turn, tended to cause new unexpected discoveries. This has provided empirical evidence for two anecdotal views of designing. First, designing is a situated act; designers invent design issues or requirements in a way situated in the environment in which they design. We call inventions of this sort situated-invention (S-invention). Secondly, a design process progresses in such a way that the problem-space and the solution-space co-evolve. Further, this has brought a pedagogical implication as well as an insight about an important aspect of learning by experience in design. 相似文献