Charging Load Aggregation Potential of Multiple Electric Vehicles Based on Road Traffic Census Data

High penetration of renewable generation systems will lead to supply–demand imbalances, and will also require output curtailment of renewable power plants. We focused on management of electric vehicle fleet charging which can promote charging during specific time zone for reducing this curtailment. In this study, we evaluated the Charging Promoting Potential (CPP) of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) using optimization model based on the mixed‐integer linear programming. In addition, we also evaluated the CPP of other EVs, such as electric buses and electric trucks. We found that wider zone of the charging promoting time led effective concentration of charging load. Furthermore, we found that the CPP of the electric buses is higher than those of the passenger EVs and electric trucks.     

基于非线性分离模型的预测控制及其应用

针对实际非线性过程控制的复杂性,提出了一种非线性分离模型用于描述非线性动态过程,在此基础上提出了一种基于非线性分离模型的预测控制方法.所提方法在海洋温度差发电装置及浆液混合控制的实际应用结果,证实了其可行性和有效性.     

Intermediate-Stage Sintering of a Homogeneously Packed Compact

Several characteristic equations in intermediate sintering dependent on a grain-growth mechanism were quantitatively estimated using the microstructural data of sintered compacts. The relations which were calculated with a computer based on many assumptions described well the changes of a pore-size distribution, of an average radius of grains, and of a specific surface area of an easily sinterable alumina during the sintering. The reasonableness of these assumptions is discussed.     

Evaluation of Grain-Growth Parameters

The complicated texture of a thin sheet of MgO and MgO-doped Al₂O₃ (∼15 pm) was statistically resolved into four typical grain geometries. Grain size distribution was related to the ratio of expressions describing the growth (or shrinkage) of individual grains and the growth of grains of average size R. Grain-growth data for MgO indicate that the mobility of a grain boundary is independent of R (parabolic-grain-growth behavior) but depends strongly on the ratio of individual grain size to average grain size. When mobility is proportional to 1/R, the time dependence of grain growth is <1/2.     

Relation Between Gelation Behavior of Ground Chicken Muscle and Soybean Proteins and Their Differential Scanning Calorimetric Studies

The thermal denaturation of ground chicken muscle, soybean protein, and the mixture of both were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under different salt concentration. The relationship between DSC analysis and the properties of heat-induced gels from these samples were determined. The DSC thermograms of ground chicken muscle showed three endothermic peaks and those of soybean protein showed two peaks. The DSC thermogram of their mixture showed three peaks. When NaCl was added to ground chicken muscle the endothermic peaks shifted to lower temperatures and the rheological values of heat-induced gels increased. When NaCl was added to soybean protein, the endothermic peaks shifted to higher temperatures and the rheological values of heat-induced gels decreased.     

Sorption of Volatile Compounds in Aqueous Solution by Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Films

Sorption of volatile compounds by ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) films from an aqueous solution was investigated to evaluate the merit of their use for food packaging. With regard to EVOH, equilibrium swelling values gave rise to a bimodal solubility parameter distribution with maxima at δ values of 8.5 assigned to ethylene units and 14.5 to vinyl alcohol units. Comparing distribution ratios of EVOH with those of middle-density polyethylene (MDPE), the ratios were 1:100 for terpene hydrocarbons, 1:10 for esters, 1:2 for alcohols, and almost 1:1 for aldehydes. By biaxial orientation of EVOH film, the sorption could be depressed below 60%. These results suggested EVOH films are more appropriate than MDPE for food container lining.     

Some Roles of MgO and TiO2 in Densification of a Sinterable Alumina

Sinterability of undoped, MgO-doped, and TiO₂-doped Al₂O₃ has been examined by applying reported sintering equations. The order of sinterability was MgO-doped ∼ undoped≪ TiO₂-doped Al₂O₃ in the initial and intermediate stages of sintering, but a relative sintered density at 1600°C for 1 h occurred in the order undoped < TiO₂-doped < MgO-doped AI₂O₃. The dispersion of thermal grooving angles increased in the order MgO-doped < undoped < TiO₂-doped Al₂O₃, The change of sinterability by the dopants is explained in terms of mobility of mass transfer estimated from a densification rate in the initial- and intermediate-stage sintering and of dispersed driving forces of densification and grain growth qualitatively evaluated from the width of the dispersion of thermal grooving angles.     

EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES OF SCREEN-PRINTED CdS/CdTe SOLAR CELL AND MODULE Module Reliability and Oxygen Deficiency

An n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cell module constructed by complete seal of solar cell formed on a glass substrate by screen-printing and sintering process, was subjected to a heavy sunshine weather-meter test. The conversion efficiency of the module began to degrade after 50 days. Chemical analyses on gases in the sealed module showed that decrease in oxygen down to 2 vol.% had caused the degradation. Inversely, when sufficient oxygen was supplied to the solar cell by breaking the seal, the efficiency recovered up to its initial value within several days even at room temperature. Estimation of reaction velocity at room temperature suggested that the present recovery phenomenon was the same as increase in p-type characteristics by heat treatment in air in other fabrication process of CdS/CdTe junction. Easiness and reversibility of transformation from oxygen deficient to sufficient states in CdTe, strongly suggest that oxygen in CdTe induces a single acceptor which was confirmed in oxygen doped ZnSe.