The Earth Simulator (ES), developed under the Japanese government’s initiative “Earth Simulator project”, is a highly parallel vector supercomputer system. In this paper, an overview of ES, its architectural features, hardware technology and the result of performance evaluation are described.
In May 2002, the ES was acknowledged to be the most powerful computer in the world: 35.86 teraflop/s for the LINPACK HPC benchmark and 26.58 teraflop/s for an atmospheric general circulation code (AFES). Such a remarkable performance may be attributed to the following three architectural features; vector processor, shared-memory and high-bandwidth non-blocking interconnection crossbar network.
The ES consists of 640 processor nodes (PN) and an interconnection network (IN), which are housed in 320 PN cabinets and 65 IN cabinets. The ES is installed in a specially designed building, 65 m long, 50 m wide and 17 m high. In order to accomplish this advanced system, many kinds of hardware technologies have been developed, such as a high-density and high-frequency LSI, a high-frequency signal transmission, a high-density packaging, and a high-efficiency cooling and power supply system with low noise so as to reduce whole volume of the ES and total power consumption.
For highly parallel processing, a special synchronization means connecting all nodes, Global Barrier Counter (GBC), has been introduced. 相似文献
We previously reported that inostamycin, an inhibitor of CDP-DG: inositol transferase, inhibited cell proliferation in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells by blocking cell cycle progression at the G1 phase. In the present paper, we report the effect of inostamycin on the serum-induced activation of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are involved in G1 progression. In quiescent NRK cells mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) and casein kinase II were activated within 15 min after serum addition. Neither activation was affected by the treatment with inostamycin. However, in the inostamycin-treated cell, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) failed to be activated after serum stimulation. Since serum-induced expression of cyclin E was also suppressed by inostamycin, this inhibitor would appear to block CDK2 activation by inhibiting cyclin E expression. Furthermore, inostamycin also inhibited cyclin D1 expression induced by serum; and consequently, hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) by RB-kinases such as CDK4 and CDK2 was abolished, which would result in elimination of functional inactivation of pRB. Thus, early G1 arrest in NRK cells by inostamycin is due to the inhibition of cyclin D1 and E expressions. 相似文献
A modified Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was performed to investigate the hydrogen absorption behavior in Pd and Pd–Ag alloys of the composition PdxAg1−x (x=0.7–0.8) under H2 pressure (0.1 MPa) at different temperatures. The present method employed can consider the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen molecule and the subsequent absorption of hydrogen atom by formalizing the relationship between the pressure of hydrogen molecule and hydrogen atom. The potential parameters were determined to reproduce the solution enthalpy of hydrogen in pure metals. The results are in good agreement with experimental findings as well as previous theoretical studies. We confirmed that our method is useful to simulate the absorption of hydrogen in metals and alloys. 相似文献
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) often leads to subarachnoid fibrosis and resultant normal pressure hydrocephalus; however, how subarachnoid fibrosis occurs is unknown. We examined the changes within arachnoid granulations (AGs) and the subarachnoid space (SAS) chronologically at the parasagittal region obtained from patients with SAH at autopsy and made comparison with controls by immunostaining for cytokeratin, specific marker for leptomeningeal cells and by the elastica Masson-Goldner methods. Within a week some AGs were torn, and many inflammatory cells filled the AGs and SAS. Cytokeratin positive cells were scarce. During the next two weeks cytokeratin positive cells increased. After three weeks, AGs and SAS were filled by dense deposits of extracellular matrices surrounded by multiple layers of leptomeningeal cells. 相似文献
To achieve higher fatigue resistance against subsurface crack generation, both the refinement of grain structure and the introduction
of mobile dislocations on various slip systems have been shown to be effective in the 32Mn-7Cr austenitic steel. A novel treatment
which consisted of cold grooved rolling and partial recrystallization was introduced to modify the microstructure. High-cycle
fatigue properties and fatigue-crack generation were investigated for both the solution-treated (ST) and the partially recrystallized
(PR) materials at 77 K. The PR material displayed higher fatigue strength than the ST material, especially in the high-cycle
regime. No subsurface crack generation was detected for the PR material; however, it appeared in the lower peak stress and/or
in the longer-life range for the ST material. Intergranular facets formed a subsurface crack initiation site in the ST material.
Since the dislocation structure that developed in the fatigued PR material assisted homogeneous and multidirectional plastic
deformation, the localized deformation and/or the stress concentration at the grain boundaries by coplanar arrays were believed
to be relieved. Therefore, intergranular cracking due to incompatibility at a grain boundary may disappear. 相似文献
This paper presents a dynamic compensation concept to grapple with the dynamic defects of a traditional robot arm, especially while performing high-speed endpoint regulations. The proposed high-speed dynamic compensation concept offers a new point of view for cooperating with a traditional manipulator to realize highly dexterous performance of manipulations. The concept is realized through adoption of a high-speed light-weight actuator as well as endpoint closed loop configured high-speed cameras. The dynamic compensation is analyzed experimentally with 1000 Hz visual feedback and a high-speed finger for a robot arm in the case of one degree of freedom. The advantage of the proposed approach is that the modeling for the robot system’s dynamics is not needed, whereas it is necessary and trivial in order to realize high-speed regulations by traditional approaches. Thus, the control issue becomes easier with the proposed approach. As an application for this concept, fast peg-and-hole alignment with large position and attitude uncertainty is studied. The alignment algorithm is based on a visual compliance strategy. Alignment experiments show that with the proposed concept of dynamic compensation as well as visual compliant motion control, robust and fast convergence was realized for most cases. 相似文献
Freestream and vortex preservation properties of a weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme (WENO) and a weighted compact nonlinear scheme (WCNS) on curvilinear grids are investigated. While the numerical technique used for the compact difference scheme can be applied to WCNS, applying it to WENO is difficult. This difference is caused by difference in the formulation of numerical fluxes. WENO computed in the generalized coordinate system does not work well for either freestream or vortex preservation, whereas WENO computed in the Cartesian coordinate system works well for both freestream and vortex preservation, but its resolution is lower than that of WCNS. In addition, WENO in the Cartesian coordinate system costs three times as much as WENO or WCNS in the generalized coordinate system. Therefore, WENO in the Cartesian coordinate system is not suitable for solving Euler equations on a curvilinear grid. On the other hand, WCNS computed in the generalized coordinate system works well for freestream and vortex preservation when used with the numerical technique proposed for the compact difference scheme. The results show that WCNS with this numerical technique can be used for an arbitrary grid system. In this paper, the excellent freestream and vortex preservation properties of WCNS when used with the numerical technique, compared with those of WENO, are shown for the first time. 相似文献