IMPINGING JET DRYER

In coating and gravure printing, an impinging jet nozzle with high thermal efficiency for drying of coated film was developed.

Trial production 0f 40 kinds of nozzle enables to develop a high-performance impinging jet nozzle with heat transfer coefficient 1.5 times larger than that of current slit nozzle, through measurement of heat transfer coefficient, visualizations of air flow and heat transfer, and measuremenu of jet velocity and turbulence distribution. The purpose of the trial production was to expand a range of high heat transfer and promote turbulence compared with the current nozzle.

Paying attention to mass transfer within gravure ink coated film, drying characteristic of the film was analyzed by numerical solution of a set of equations governing the drying process in which concentration dependencies 0f the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium vapor pressure were considered.

Applying these analyses. an industrial scale dryer with excellent drying efficiency has finally been developed.     

A novel spacer‐free panel structure and glass for FEDs

Abstract— A new design for an FED envelope, composed of box‐shaped front glass, sheet‐like rear glass, and metal members, has been devised. This design structure is effective in reducing tensile stress induced by vacuum at the sealing points. Also, a new glass composition, a new physical tempering method, and a lead‐free hermetic sealing material have been developed. As a result, a novel lightweight spacer‐free panel structure for FEDs has been developed by integrating these new technologies. It will assist in maximizing the essential advantages of FED such as high image quality, high reliability, and low cost.     

A New Monte Carlo Method for Evaluating System-Failure Probability

This paper proposes, under a rare-event assumption, a new ``Coverage Monte Carlo' method for evaluating the top-event probability of a coherent fault tree. All the min cuts are assumed to be known. A Karp-Luby Monte Carlo (KLM) estimator with minimum variance is derived in a different manner. The KLM evaluates an inclusion-exclusion formula excluding the first sum of products. A new coverage Monte Carlo (NCM) estimator evaluates the formula excluding the first and the second sums of products. The NCM yields an estimator with a smaller variance than the KLM which becomes a linear time procedure in the number of min cuts. Upper bounds on the numbers of trials necessary to attain a given coefficient of variation are derived for KLM and NCM. The bounds can be calculated before any Monte Carlo trials. The KLM requires at least 8 times more trials than the NCM. Given sufficient computer memory to implement an alias sampling method, the NCM requires less computation time than the KLM when an accurate estimate is required. The NCM is more favorable when the deterministic bounding practice based on the first and second sums of products yields a smaller relative error. The NCM is consistent with the fact that deterministic bounds have been computed.     

Structurally Diverse Polyamines: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Interaction with DNA

A versatile solid‐phase approach based on peptide chemistry was used to construct four classes of structurally diverse polyamines with modified backbones: linear, partially constrained, branched, and cyclic. Their effects on DNA duplex stability and structure were examined. The polyamines showed distinct activities, thus highlighting the importance of polyamine backbone structure. Interestingly, the rank order of polyamine ability for DNA compaction was different to that for their effects on circular dichroism and melting temperature, thus indicating that these polyamines have distinct effects on secondary and higher‐order structures of DNA.     

Minimization of measurement points on automobile traffic flow

The acquisition of information on the relation between flow speed and jam conditions of automobile traffic flow on express ways is necessary to achieve appropriate traffic flow. It is very difficult to use a large number of measuring points on a road, so in practice a grasp of the situation is achieved by measuring the flow conditions at a small number of measuring points. This paper deals with the application of a graphical interpolation method to the minimized number of measuring points in order to estimate the spatial density field of flow concentration. The traffic flow is expressed as a compressive flow, and this model is analyzed by a nonlinear equation. The results are given by the combination of characteristic lines and the propagation of a shock wave.     

Vortex Dynamics in Superfluid 4He at Very Low Temperatures

Recently McClintock et al. observed the free decay of a vortex tangle in superfluid ⁴He at mK temperatures. Since the system at such low temperatures is free from normal fluid and usual mutual friction, the mechanism of the free decay is unknown. In order to understand this phenomenon, this work studies numerically the vortex dynamics without the mutual friction. The absence of mutual friction prevents the vortex from smoothing. The resulting kinked structure promotes vortex reconnection, thus making lots of small vortex loops. Such cascade process as breakup of vortices to smaller ones can decay the vortex line density. This paper describes the decay of vortex tangle under the localized induction approximation, and that of four vortex rings under the full nonlocal calculation.     

Surface active block copolymers: I. The preparation and some surface active properties of block copolymers of tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide

A new type of surface active block copolymer (TE type) having the general formula HO(C₂H₄O)_x(CH₂. CH₂CH₂CH₂O)_y-(C₂H₄O)_zH, was obtained by addition of ethylene oxide to polyoxytetramethylene glycols with molecular weight of 1000-3400. TE types in which the polyoxyethylene sections comprised more than 20–25% of the total weight are soluble in water, and the relation between cloud point and oxyethylene content for TE types was similar to that for propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block copolymers (Pluronics). Some surface active properties of TE types were examined in comparison with those of Pluronics and some other surfactants. The surface tension, foaming and antifoaming properties of TE types were comparable to those of Pluronics. Although the wetting power of TE types was poor, their suspending power (for carbon black) was superior to that of Pluronics in both aqueous and nonaqeuous media. The addition of TE types to some conventional detergents enhanced significantly their detergency. TE types showed a remarkable demulsifying action, on addition to some W/O emulsions.     

Energy Spectrum of Vortex Tangle

The energy spectrum of superfluid turbulence in the absence of the normal fluid is studied numerically. In order to discuss the statistical properties, we calculate the energy spectra of the 3D velocity field induced by both dilute and dense vortex tangles, whose dynamics are calculated by the full nonlocal Biot-Savart law. In the case of a dense tangle, the slope of the energy spectrum changes at k=2/l, where l is the intervortex spacing. For k>2/l, the energy spectrum has a k^–1 behavior in the same manner as the dilute vortex tangle, while otherwise the slope of the energy spectrum deviates from the k^–1 behavior. We compare the behavior for k<2/l with the Kolmogorov law.     

Expression of Lymphatic Markers in the Berger’s Space and Bursa Premacularis

We previously reported that the bursa premacularis (BPM), a peculiar vitreous structure located above the macula, contains numerous cells expressing markers of lymphatic endothelial cells, such as podoplanin and LYVE-1. Herein, we examined the expression of lymphatic markers in the Berger’s space (BS), BPM, and vitreous core (VC). BS, BPM, and VC specimens were selectively collected in macular hole and epiretinal membrane patients during vitrectomy and were then immunostained with antibodies for podoplanin, LYVE-1, and fibrillin-1 and -2. By visualization using triamcinolone acetonide, the BS was recognized as a sac-like structure with a septum located behind the lens as well as BPM. Those tissues adhered to the lens or retina in a circular manner by means of a ligament-like structure. Immunostaining showed intense expression of podoplanin and LYVE-1 in the BS. Both BS and BPM stained strongly positive for fibrillin-1 and -2. The VC was faintly stained with antibodies for those lymph-node markers. Our findings indicate that both BS and BPM possibly belong to the lymphatic system, such as lymph nodes, draining excess fluid and waste products into lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of the optic nerve and the ciliary body, respectively, via intravitreal canals.     

A novel hermetic‐sealing material for FEDs

Abstract— An hermetic‐sealing material for FEDs composed of thermosetting polyimide and glass fiber, has been developed. The main backbone and end‐capping material of polyimide were investigated to satisfy both high Tg and high flowability. A thermosetting function, 4‐phenylethynylphthalic anhydride (PEPA), was used as the end‐capping material. The fracture of a rigid and softening structure was optimized in the main polymer structure. The obtained polyimide demonstrated both a high Tg (265°C) and low viscosity (98 Pa‐sec at a sealing temperature of 350°C). In order to improve the gas permeability and the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the sealing material, a mixture of various types of ceramic fillers and polyimide has been investigated, and glass fiber was adopted. When 30 wt.% of glass fiber was combined when the developed polyimide, the Ar permeability and coefficient of thermal expansion of the sealing material decreased to below one‐half of the base polyimide. This material enables us to seal at a temperature of about 350°C in nitrogen atmosphere and shows superior performance suitable for glass‐to‐glass sealing.