Synthesis and application of phenylcarbamodithioate compound for steel protection

Phenyldithiocarbamate compound has been synthesized and studied as corrosion inhibitor for steel. Dithiocarbamate (DTC) compounds with linear alkyl groups are good inhibitors, but their stability is quite low in acidic solutions. It should be noted that long-term stability is important for practical applications, in order to avoid excess use of chemicals. So, we have synthesized phenyl substituted DTC which offers strong inhibition efficiency and extra stability. This new inhibitor is chemically adsorbed on steel through its DTC group, while the aromatic ring provides extra stability and long-term efficiency. For the assessment of corrosion kinetics, we have utilized potentiodynamic and ac impedance studies; also solution assay analysis was realized with atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was revealed that inhibitor exhibits remarkably high efficiency, even under elevated temperature conditions. At 55 °C temperature conditions, i_corr value decreased from 5050 to 154 μA cm^?2, with the addition of 500 ppm inhibitor. The long-term stability of inhibitor was also tested and 85.93% efficiency was obtained after three days of exposure period for 500 ppm concentration.     

Using the Schwinger inverse method for solutions of inverse transport problems in two-dimensional cylindrical geometries

The Schwinger method for solving inverse transport problems is applied to the problems of interface location identification, shield material identification, source isotope weight fraction identification, and material mass density identification (separately) in multilayered two-dimensional cylindrical gamma radiation source/shield systems. The method is iterative and estimates unknown interface locations, source isotope weight fractions, and material densities directly, while the unknown shield material is identified by estimating its total macroscopic gamma-ray cross sections. The energies of discrete gamma-ray lines emitted by the source are assumed to be known, while the unscattered flux of the lines is assumed to be measured at points external to the system. In numerical test cases, the Schwinger method correctly identifies the unknowns when the same deterministic ray-tracing code is used for both the parameter estimation process and simulation of the measured data. With realistic simulation of the measured data using a Monte Carlo code, the method produces more ambiguous results for interface location, shield material identification, and material density identification. The method works well for source weight fraction identification with measured data simulated by Monte Carlo. In addition to the application to more realistic (two-dimensional) problems, this paper extends previous work on the Schwinger inverse method by using surface formulas for unknown interface locations, automatic correction attempts for violated constraints, and ray-tracing instead of discrete-ordinates for transport calculations.     

Modeling and simulation of 5-axis milling processes

5-axis milling is widely used in machining of complex surfaces. Part quality and productivity are extremely important due to the high cost of machine tools and parts involved. Process models can be used for the selection of proper process parameters. Although extensive research has been conducted on milling process modeling, very few are on 5-axis milling. This paper presents models for 5-axis milling process geometry, cutting force and stability. The application of the models in selection of important parameters is also demonstrated. A practical method, developed for the extraction of cutting geometry, is used in simulation of a complete 5-axis cycle.     

Electricity production from twelve monosaccharides using microbial fuel cells

Direct generation of electricity from monosaccharides of lignocellulosic biomass was examined using air cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Electricity was generated from all carbon sources tested, including six hexoses (d-glucose, d-galactose, d(−)-levulose (fructose), l-fucose, l-rhamnose, and d-mannose), three pentoses (d-xylose, d(−)-arabinose, and d(−)-ribose), two uronic acids (d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid) and one aldonic acid (d-gluconic acid). The mixed bacterial culture, which was enriched using acetate as a carbon source, adapted well to all carbon sources tested, although the adaptation times varied from 1 to 70 h. The maximum power density obtained from these carbon sources ranged from 1240 ± 10 to 2770 ± 30 mW m⁻² at current density range of 0.76–1.18 mA cm⁻². d-Mannose resulted in the lowest maximum power density, whereas d-glucuronic acid generated the highest one. Coulombic efficiency ranged from 21 to 37%. For all carbon sources tested, the relationship between the maximum voltage output and the substrate concentration appeared to follow saturation kinetics at 120 Ω external resistance. The estimated maximum voltage output ranged between 0.26 and 0.44 V and half-saturation kinetic constants ranged from 111 to 725 mg L⁻¹. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 80% for all carbon sources tested. Results from this study indicated that lignocellulosic biomass-derived monosaccharides might be a suitable resource for electricity generation using MFC technology.     

Generation of electricity in microbial fuel cells at sub-ambient temperatures

Direct generation of electricity from a mixture of carbon sources was examined using single chamber mediator-less air cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) at sub-ambient temperatures. Electricity was directly generated from a carbon source mixture of d-glucose, d-galactose, d-xylose, d-glucuronic acid and sodium acetate at 30 °C and <20 °C (down to 4 °C). Anodic biofilms enriched at different temperatures using carbon source mixtures were examined using epi-fluorescent, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical evaluation. The maximum power density obtained at different temperatures ranged from 486 ± 68 mW m⁻² to 602 ± 38 mW m⁻² at current density range of 0.31 mA cm⁻² to 0.41 mA cm⁻² (14 °C and 30 °C, respectively). Coulombic efficiency increased with decreasing temperature, and ranged from 24 ± 3 to 38 ± 1% (20 °C and 4 °C, respectively). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 68% for all carbon sources tested. Our results demonstrate adaptation, by gradual increase of cold-stress, to electricity production in MFCs at sub-ambient temperatures.     

Characterization of Double-Junction GaAsP Two-Color LED Structure

The structural, optical, electrical and electrical–optical properties of a double-junction GaAsP light-emitting diode (LED) structure grown on a GaP (100) substrate by using a molecular beam epitaxy technique were investigated. The p–n junction layers of GaAs_1?xP_x and GaAs_1?yP_y, which form the double-junction LED structure, were grown with two different P/As ratios. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), photoluminescence (PL), and current–voltage (I–V) measurements were used to investigate the structural, optical and electrical properties of the sample. Alloy composition values (x, y) and some crystal structure parameters were determined using HRXRD measurements. The phosphorus compositions of the first and second junctions were found to be 63.120% and 82.040%, respectively. Using PL emission peak positions at room temperature, the band gap energies (E_g) of the first and second junctions were found to be 1.867 eV and 2.098 eV, respectively. In addition, the alloy compositions were calculated by Vegard’s law using PL measurements. The turn-on voltage (V_on) and series resistance (R_s) of the device were obtained from the I–V measurements to be 4.548 V and 119 Ω, respectively. It was observed that the LED device emitted in the red (664.020 nm) and yellow (591.325 nm) color regions.     

Transient Temperature Analysis of Slab in Erdemir

A transient thermal model was developed for slab furnaces in Eregli Iron and Steel Works （Erdemir） in Turkey and the model was solved using the FlexPDE computer program. This program uses the finite element method. Program codes were written to solve the temperature distribution of slabs that are put into furnace at 25 ℃ and removed at about 1 250℃. To obtain the optimum slab exit temperature variation, the necessary air temperature inside the furnace was calculated to be 1 390℃. The slab temperature versus time and the temperature variation inside the slab were depicted.     

Fault detection and identification in dynamic systems with noisy data and parameter/modeling uncertainties

A probabilistic approach is presented which can be used for the estimation of system parameters and unmonitored state variables towards model-based fault diagnosis in dynamic systems. The method can be used with any type of input–output model and can accommodate noisy data and/or parameter/modeling uncertainties. The methodology is based on Markovian representation of system dynamics in discretized state space. The example system used for the illustration of the methodology focuses on the intake, fueling, combustion and exhaust components of internal combustion engines. The results show that the methodology is capable of estimating the system parameters and tracking the unmonitored dynamic variables within user-specified magnitude intervals (which may reflect noise in the monitored data, random changes in the parameters or modeling uncertainties in general) within data collection time and hence has potential for on-line implementation.