Ductal carcinoma in situ. Part 2: Treatment

In the last decades, the classification of schemes of haematological malignancies have undergone considerable changes both in terms of modifications of previous concepts and of methodological approaches, in parallel with the acquisition of new information on the physiopathological and functional pattern of haemic cells and of their precursors both at the lymph node and bone marrow level. The cyto-morphological aspects of haemic were better defined and integrated by the application of cyto- and histochemical methods, which were subsequently supplemented by bioenzymatic and cytogenetic techniques, then by immunophenotypical studies and finally by biomolecular investigations. Through the use of monoclonal antibodies and the introduction both in research and routine diagnostic practice of multiparameter analysis techniques, it is now possible to correlate several cellular parameters, to identify clonality of malignant cells as well as their lineage assignment and maturation stage. Flow cytometry has become an important, rapid and objective method for the diagnosis of haematological neoplasias. In the present survey we have illustrated the different expression of surface, cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens in haematological malignancies, their correlation with the clinical course of the disease and their diagnostic and prognostic significance.     

Effective Reduction of Horizontal Error in Laser Scanning Information by Strip‐Wise Least Squares Adjustments

Though the airborne laser scanning (ALS) technique is becoming more popular in many applications, horizontal accuracy of points scanned by the ALS is not yet satisfactory when compared with the accuracy achieved for vertical positions. One of the major reasons is the drift that occurs in the inertial measurement unit (IMU) during the scanning. This paper presents an algorithm that adjusts for the error that is introduced mainly by the drift of the IMU that renders systematic differences between strips on the same area. For this, we set up an observation equation for strip‐wise adjustments and completed it with tie point and control point coordinates derived from the scanned strips and information from aerial photos. To effectively capture the tie points, we developed a set of procedures that constructs a digital surface model (DSM) with breaklines and then performed feature‐based matching on strips resulting in a set of reliable tie points. Solving the observation equations by the least squares method produced a set of affine transformation equations with 6 parameters that we used to transform the strips for adjusting the horizontal error. Experimental results after evaluation of the accuracy showed a root mean squared error (RMSE) of the adjusted strip points of 0.27 m, which is significant considering the RMSE before adjustment was 0.77 m.     

Analysis of color symbology from the perspective of cultural semiotics focused on Korean costume colors according to the cultural changes

The purpose of this study was to analyze the symbolization of colors as cultural codes, based on costume colors. In order to study the significance of colors in cultural changes, we carried out a quantitative analysis and interpreted it from the perspective of cultural semiotics. The range of this study was focused on Korean costume colors, over diverse diachronic stages of Korean culture. For this study 1535 color samples were collected, measured with a spectrophotometer, and analyzed quantitatively according their diachronic stages of origin. As a result, red, blue, and yellow were found to be the most frequently used colors during the Chosun Dynasty, a period based on Confucianism. These colors acted as cultural codes with cultural significance. During the Modern times pink, light blue, and black increased in frequency and represented the reception of western culture, the changing sex role of women in society, and utilitarianism. In these days, neutral colors and grayish tones of all colors are the most significant colors of high frequency. The use of such colors is closely related to industrialization, mechanization, functionalism, and the changes of women's sex roles in the societies. They are used as cultural codes, especially to emphasize a rational and masculine image rather than a feminine image. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 71–79, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20290     

Sorption of copper ions by granulated chitosan

The features of sorption of Cu²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions of CuSO₄ by granulated chitosan sorbent in static conditions and the different contribution of surface and bulk amino groups in the sorbent to complexation are discussed. Sorption with freshly formed swollen and maximally amorphized granules with accessible bulk amino groups can be described by Langmuir’s equation; it attains 5.6 mmole/g of dry sorbent, which is close to the sorption calculated from the equimolar composition of the amino-copper complex. Sorption of initially dry granules with less accessible bulk amino groups does not obey Langmuir’s equation due to precipitation of copper hydroxide and hydrosulfate on the surface of the sorbent. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 11–14, March–April, 2006.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel aromatic condensation polymers containing rigid benzoxazole pendent groups

A new aromatic diamine monomer containing benzoxazole substituents was prepared by a multistep synthesis starting from 1,4‐dibromo‐2,5‐difluorobenzene. The diamine was polymerized with commercial aromatic dianhydride or dicarboxylic acid chloride monomers to provide several different poly(amic acid)s and polyamides with their inherent viscosities in the range of 0.24–0.46 dL/g. Thermal properties of these polymers including thermal imidization of poly(amic acid)s into polyimides were investigated by using FTIR, DSC, and TGA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 178–185, 2004     

Rheological properties of hyperbranched polymer/poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactive blends

The rheological properties in solution, in shear and in uniaxial elongation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) reacted together with hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) were investigated. Two different PET grades, of low and high molecular weights, were compounded with sub‐ to over‐stoichiometric concentrations of HBPs of second and fourth pseudo‐generation, and subsequently subjected to a solid‐state polycondensation (SSP). The formation of microgels, which occurs at high HBP concentration, gave rise to a large increase in melt elasticity and a related decrease in melt strength. At low HBP concentrations, the complex viscosity of the unreacted HBP/PET was considerably reduced, thus demonstrating a lubrication effect of the HBP molecules. During SSP, the intrinsic and shear viscosities exhibited a gradual increase, which was similar for both PET and HBP/PET blends, and was correlated to an increase in molecular weight, through linear‐chain extension and branching reactions. The elongational viscosity of the reactive blends was also increased as a function of reaction time, and this increase was much larger in the case of the HBP/PET blends. A 400% increase in melt strength of the PET was obtained by combining SSP and trace amounts of an HBP of second generation, without any decrease in drawability.     

Finite element modeling of ultra fine particle filtration by a membrane filter

Theoretical work has been carried out to investigate the filtration of ultra fine aerosol particles in a membrane filter. The analysis was done using a finite element method with a Newtonian fluid model for the carrier medium. Both inertial filtration and diffusional filtration were considered. Prior to the main analysis, our numerical scheme was tested with the analytical results for the diffusion of particles in the cylinder and showed good agreement, which confirms the importance of axial diffusion occurring in a short cylinder like a very thin membrane filter. Particle size, porosity, pressure drop, and flow velocity are found to be main variables that determine the filter efficiency. Two important mechanisms of filtration have opposite effects on the efficiency, depending on the variables. Increases in particle size, pressure drop, and flow velocity cause increases in the efficiency for intertial deposition, while decreases in those variables cause increases in the diffusional efficiency. The existence of a minimum value of total filtration efficiency (sum of inertial efficiency and diffusional efficiency) was indicated for intermediate values of the variables. Lower porosity is found to favor inertial deposition more than diffusion. Some other effects of filtration conditions on the total efficiency are also discussed.     

Intrinsic Elastic, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Losses in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Determined by an Immittance-Fitting Method

The material coefficients of "soft" and "hard" lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics were determined as complex values by the nonlinear least-squares-fitting of immittance data measured for length-extensional bar resonators. The piezoelectric d -constant should be a complex value to obtain a best fitting between observed and calculated results. Because the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric losses determined in this process were not "intrinsic" losses, a calculation process to evaluate the "intrinsic" losses was proposed. It was confirmed that the intrinsic losses were smaller than the corresponding extrinsic losses. The intrinsic piezoelectric loss existed in both soft and hard PZTs; ∼50% of the loss of piezoelectric d -constant was derived from the elastic and dielectric losses. The most notable difference between the soft and hard PZTs was observed in their elastic losses.     

Manufacture of Granulated Chitosan

Conditions for dry-wet spinning of spherical chitosan granules 0.5–2.0 mm in diameter into a two-layer spinning bath consisting of immiscible liquids are proposed, where an organic liquid, decane in particular, is the upper layer of the bath while a solution of ammonium hydroxide is the lower layer. The possibility of obtaining chitosan microgranules from 2 to 30 µm in diameter by emulsification of a solution of chitosan in decane or a solution of an anion-active surfactant — sodium dodecyl sulfate — is demonstrated. The effect of the molecular weight and concentration of the solutions on the granule-forming power of chitosan is established. A 6% solution of chitosan with a molecular weight of 200 kD is recommended for further studies.__________Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 26–29, January–February, 2005.     

Thermal runaway prevention in catalytic packed bed reactor by solid temperature measurement and Control

Magnetic crystallite thermometry has been used to measure the average nickel crystallite temperature in packed bed reactors during ethane hydrogenolysis, an exothermic reaction. The technique is based on the temperature dependence of the magnetic moment of dispersed nickel catalysts. Measurement of the average catalyst temperature is very useful for reactor control because of its shorter time constant compared with exit fluid temperature. Bed temperature control based on the exit fluid temperature, which has often been used as a control variable, is too slow to protect thermal runaway of the bed. The advantage of short time constant by measuring the average catalyst temperature has been incorporated with enhanced feedback control system to control the bed temperature and prevent the thermal runaway of the catalyst bed. An enhanced feedback control structure with supervisory action performed better than the classical proportional-integral control in runaway prevention when the two control schemes were compared with each other on the basis of the trippoint (incipient thermal runaway).