后基因组时代诺如病毒的研究进展

食源性疾病暴发通常是由于食品中的微生物污染引起的。诺如病毒是引起急性和慢性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,每年在世界范围内引起频繁的暴发,增加人们的生活和健康负担。由于诺如病毒突变的迅速发生以及各个行业,尤其是食品行业的全球化的逐渐加快,诺如病毒的感染已成为严重的公共卫生问题。随着后基因组时代的到来和技术的成熟,诺如病毒的研究取得了新的进展。在这里,我们就诺如病毒的病毒学特征、感染后的临床症状、人体的免疫反应、诊断技术以及现阶段使用基因组学技术的各项发展进行了全面的讨论,为诺如病毒感染的研究和控制了线索。     

高锌渣配入锌精矿的沸腾炉生产探讨

根据 40kt/a硫酸系列的 30m2 沸腾炉产出焙尘含硫高的问题 ,提出了在入炉锌精矿原料中配入高锌渣的生产方案 ,回收高锌渣和减少焙烧矿杂质含量创造的效益     

Synthesis and characteristics of carbon-coated iron and nickel nanocapsules produced by arc discharge in ethanol vapor

Fe(C) and Ni(C) nanocapsules with low carbon content have been produced via an arc discharge process in ethanol vapor. It is clarified by X-ray diffraction that the core of the Fe(C) nanocapsules consists of γ-Fe, α-Fe and Fe₃C phase, while that of the Ni(C) nanocapsules contains only nickel. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging confirms that these particles have a broad size distribution and the core/shell structure. Besides mutually independent nanocapsules with segregate graphitic shells, those with sharing shells are also observed in the Fe(C) nanocapsules. The remanence and the coercivity at room temperature of both the nanocapsules are higher than those of the corresponding microcrystallines, while the saturation magnetization is lower.     

Transplanted Neural Stem Cells Modulate Regulatory T, γδ T Cells and Corresponding Cytokines after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats

The immune system, particularly T lymphocytes and cytokines, has been implicated in the progression of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although studies have shown that transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) protect the central nervous system (CNS) from inflammatory damage, their effects on subpopulations of T lymphocytes and their corresponding cytokines are largely unexplored. Here, rats were subjected to ICH and NSCs were intracerebrally injected at 3 h after ICH. The profiles of subpopulations of T cells in the brain and peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that regulatory T (Treg) cells in the brain and peripheral blood were increased, but γδT cells (gamma delta T cells) were decreased, along with increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β) and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, and IFN-γ), compared to the vehicle-treated control. Our data suggest that transplanted NSCs protect brain injury after ICH via modulation of Treg and γδT cell infiltration and anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokine release.     

Evaluation of various silver-containing dressing on infected excision wound healing study

Silver-containing dressings have been widely used for controlling wound infection. However, the relationship between different concentrations of silver in dressings and their antimicrobial activities and wound-healing efficacies remains unclear. In the present study, we (in cooperation with Bio-medical Carbon Technology) investigated various silver-containing activated carbon fibers to understand the effects of different silver concentrations on the efficacies of a silver containing dressing. Our results indicated that various silver-containing activated carbon fibers exhibited good antibacterial effects and biocompatibility in terms of cell viability and that silver concentration showed a minor influence on cell growth. The infected excision wound model indicated that compared to silver-containing activated carbon fiber and other commercial silver-containing dressings assisted wound healing by promoting granulation and collagen deposition. Meanwhile, the silver ion can only be restrained in epidermis by intact skin. During application on the wound area, a temporary increase of serum silver can be detected, but this elevated serum silver level decreased to a subtle level after the removal of silver-containing activated carbon fiber.     

一种新的CMOS混频器电路优化设计方法

本文提出了一种以遗传算法作为全局搜索算法、以性能方程作为评估器的CMOS混频器电路自动优化方法,优化过程中采用了一种新的约束条件处理机制,即：搜索空间限定法与罚函数法并用的处理方法。本文提出的优化方法可以快速得到电路优化结果,优化后的混频器电路已经过0．25μm CMOS工艺流片验证。     

Interactions of polypyridyl cobalt complexes with DNA studied by rotating electrode methods

The interaction of transition metal complexes Co(phen)₂TATP^3ë+, Co(phen)₃^3ë+ and Co(bpy)₃^3ë+ (where TATP = 1,4,8,9-tetra-aza-trisphenylene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and bpy=2,2-bipyridine) with calf thymus DNA was investigated using the rotating ring-disk electrode technique. The values of the apparent diffusion coefficient and rate constant at the formal potential for reduction of these three polypyridyl cobalt complexes were found to decrease significantly in the presence of DNA as compared with that in the absence of DNA. The formal potentials at which the redox reaction takes place in the absence or presence of DNA were in the order of Co(phen)₂TATP^3ë+/2ë+ > Co(phen)₃^3ë+/2ë+ > Co(bpy)₃^3ë+/2ë+. The interaction between the complexes and DNA varied significantly, depending on the nature of ligands. The binding strength of these complexes to DNA was found in the order of Co(phen)₂TATP^3ë+ > Co(phen)₃^3ë+ > Co(bpy)₃^3ë+. The interaction modes of the polypyridyl cobalt complexes with DNA were discussed in line of electrochemical observations.     

Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans

This study attempts to clarify the effects of chlorine content in waste on the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in full scale incinerators by proposing and using the principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gases of 17 emission sources, including incinerators and vehicles. Four incinerators, among these 17 emission sources, were sampled and analyzed in this study, and the data for the other 13 emission sources were selected from previous studies. These 17 emission sources can be classified into four categories, including medical waste incinerators (MWIs, H1-H5), municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs, M1-M8), vehicle fuel combustion (unleaded gas-fueled vehicles, UGFV; diesel-fueled vehicles, DFV, n = 2) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) facility vent combustors (PVC1 and PVC2, n = 2). PCA was conducted for these emission sources with the fractions of 17 2,3,7,8-congeners in the stack flue gases as variables to clarify the effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes on the emission of PCDD/Fs. From the results of PCA, we extrapolated that the threshold value of the chlorine content was at 0.8-1.1%, and the formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs are influenced first by whether the chlorine content in the feeding waste is over or below the threshold value then by other factors, which furnaces or APCDs represent. When the chlorine level in the waste is below the threshold value at 0.8-1.1%, the formation of PCDDs dominates, probably because the chlorine is used to chlorinate the non-substituted phenol to produce chlorophenols, which are important precursors for PCDDs. rather than chlorinate the dibenzofuran. While the chlorine level in the waste exceeds this threshold (0.8-1.1%), the rates of formation of PCDFs increase faster than those of PCDDs, probably because the chlorine content in the waste contributes to the deterioration of combustion conditions, and many products of incomplete combustion (PICs) like PAHs, will grow to a substantial level. When PCDD/Fs are formed from PAHs, the formation rates of PCDFs are higher than those of PCDDs.     

Validation of the CALUX bioassay as a screening and semi-quantitative method for PCDD/F levels in cow's milk

The objectives of this study were first to set up and validate the quality criteria of the Xenobiotic Detection Systems-chemical activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) bioassay for the analysis of cow's milk samples spiked with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The application of this bioassay was then tested by analyzing 28 commercially available pasteurized milk samples and comparing the data with the reference method for PCDD/F analysis. The CALUX criteria from the U.S. EPA and the European Union (EU) were calculated from 16 replaced spiked milk (SM) samples and 8 performance evaluation (PE) samples to validate the CALUX bioassay system. The CALUX bioassay criteria included control chart for quality control (QC) standards, recovery efficiency, and data comparability. The control chart for QC standards were both within the micro+/-2sigma range. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 60.4% to 106% with an average of 79.9% (relative standard deviation (RSD): 20.7%). The mean of data comparability (i.e., relative percent difference, RPD) between CALUX bioassay and high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was 19.0% for SM samples. For the PE samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient between CALUX and the HRGC/HRMS method was 0.953. The high correlation shows that the CALUX system is suitable as a screening method and a semi-quantitative method to analyze the PCDD/F concentration in milk samples. Next, the validated CALUX bioassay was applied to measure 28 commercially available pasteurized milk samples. These milk samples were also analyzed with the HRGC/HRMS method to compare the analysis data from two different methods. There is no false negative sample when applying the bioassay to pasteurized milk and PE samples as a screening method and a semi-quantitative method. The present study indicates that CALUX is a powerful bioassay method for screening a large number of milk samples.     

Characterizing the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from crematories and their impacts to the surrounding environment

This study was set out to characterize PCDD/F emissions from crematories and assess their impacts on the surrounding environment. Two crematories located in southern Taiwan were investigated, including the one (C1) with no air pollution control device installed and the other (C2) installed with a bag filter. Results show the mean PCDD/F emissions (11% oxygen) from the stacks of Cl and C2 were 2.36 and 0.322 ng I-TEQ Nm(-3), respectively. The mean emission factors for C1 and C2 were 13.6 and 6.11 microg I-TEQ body(-1), respectively. The removal efficiency of the bag filter on PCDD/Fs was 55.1%. The estimated PCDD/F emission rate for all crematories in Taiwan was 0.838 g I-TEG yr(-1) accounting for 227% and 112% of the annual emissions from all medical waste incinerators and municipal waste incinerators, respectively. The above results indicate that PCDD/F emissions from crematories were quite significant. To assess the impact of PCDD/F emissions from a crematory to the surrounding environment, ambient air samples were collected from the downwind site of C1 with the maximum ground concentration. We found the estimated maximum ground concentration at the downwind site of C1 (= 0.521 pg I-TEQ Nm(-3)) was much higherthan thatfound atthe background, rural area, residential area, urban area, and industrial area (= 0.006, 0.023, 0.052, 0.093, and 0.190 pg I-TEG Nm(-3), respectively). The above results suggestthat PCDD/F emissions from a crematory did significantly affect its surrounding environment. In conclusion, a proper control strategy should be taken immediately in order to eliminate PCDD/F emissions from crematories.