Pseudo-binary system Bi2O3-TeO2 in air

The phase equilibria in the pseudo-binary system Bi₂O₃-TeO₂ at 600° 950° C in air were examined by solid-state reaction techniques and X-ray powder diffraction method. Four pseudo-binary compounds appeared, i.e., -Bi₂O₃ type solid solution having a compositional range of (1-x)Bi₂O₃·xTeO₂ wherex=0 0.4 a new compound Bi₆Te₂O₁₅ which has an orthorhombic cell of a=2.27(4) nm, b=1.06(1) nm and c = 0.539(8) nm, 2Bi₂O₃ · 3TeO₂, and an unidentified phase Bi₂O₃·2TeO₂. The formation of the phase Bi₆Te₂O₁₅, in which all the Te ions are hexavalent, was confirmed by the thermogravimetry and by the Mössbauer spectra. The liquidus curves for whole system were determined by DTA method.     

Development of coincidence transmission electron microscope. III. Incorporation with gamma-type imaging energy filter

We have developed a new analytical transmission electron microscope (TEM), called coincidence TEM, which, in principle, enables observation of elemental mapping images at a high signal-to-noise ratio. We have previously reported the successful observation of an elemental mapping image of a specimen, but over a very long period of time (168 h). To solve this inefficiency, we installed a gamma-type imaging energy filter in the coincidence TEM to remove the no-loss electrons, which are mainly transmitted electrons. This has enabled the intensity of the background signals in the coincidence measurement to be markedly reduced. The coincidence TEM with a gamma-type imaging energy filter allows the coincidence image to be observed in 3 h, thus, the measurement time is shortened by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, the use of a silicon drift detector (SDD) will shorten the measurement time.     

Experimental study on CO2 capture conditions of a fluidized bed limestone decomposition reactor

In this study, the decomposition conditions of limestone particles (0.25-0.50 mm) for CO₂ capture in a steam dilution atmosphere (20-100% steam in CO₂) were investigated by using a continuously operating fluidized bed reactor. The results show that the decomposition conversion of limestone increased with the steam dilution percentage in the CO₂ supply gas. At a bed temperature of 920 °C, the conversions were 72% without steam dilution and 98% with 60% steam dilution. The conversion was 99% with 100% steam dilution at 850 °C of the bed temperature. Steam dilution can decrease not only the decomposition temperature of limestone, but also the residence time required for nearly complete decomposition of CaCO₃. The hydration and carbonation reactivities of the CaO produced were also tested and the results show that both the reactivities increased with the steam dilution percentage for decomposing limestone.     

Analgesic Effect of Tranilast in an Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain and Its Role in the Regulation of Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthesis

Trigeminal neuralgia is unilateral, lancinating, episodic pain that can be provoked by routine activities. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, are the drugs of choice; however, these possess side-effects. Microvascular decompression is the most effective surgical technique with a higher success rate, although occasionally causes adverse effects. The potential treatment for this type of pain remains unmet. Increased tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels have been reported in association with axonal injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tranilast on relieving neuropathic pain in animal models and analyze the changes in BH4 synthesis. Neuropathic pain was induced via infraorbital nerve constriction. Tranilast, carbamazepine, or saline was injected intraperitoneally to assess the rat’s post-intervention pain response. In the von Frey’s test, the tranilast and carbamazepine groups showed significant changes in the head withdrawal threshold in the ipsilateral whisker pad area. The motor coordination test showed no changes in the tranilast group, whereas the carbamazepine group showed decreased performance, indicating impaired motor coordination. Trigeminal ganglion tissues were used for the PCR array analysis of genes that regulate the BH4 pathway. Downregulation of the sepiapterin reductase (Spr) and aldoketo reductase (Akr) genes after tranilast injection was observed compared to the pain model. These findings suggest that tranilast effectively treats neuropathic pain.     

Migration of suspended particles in plane stationary ultrasonic field

The time-averaged motion of microscopic particles in plane stationary sound fields is investigated. A generalized kinetic theory of particle migration in which the effect of particle diltusion is taken into account is formulated and the particle distributions at the rather early stage and after a sufficient sound irradiation are derived analytically from the theory. It is found that the nodal change of particle concentration of microscopic polystyrene latex dispersions is well predicted by the present theory, independently of the particle size, the sound frequency and the energy density of sound. The condition of formation of the Kundt's tube striation is also characterized theoretically.     

燃煤循环流化床N2O及NOx排放控制试验研究

在一直径为Φ２２ｍｍ的小型燃煤循环流化床内,通过调节给煤 的位置,分级燃烧以及注入二次风的高度,向床内注入碳氢燃烧,研究Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ排放控制技术。试验表明,从料腿上部给煤能显著地降低Ｎ２Ｏ排放,但会引起ＮＯ排放的增加;可采用多点给煤,调节给煤分配来保证Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ排放量均能同时满足环境要求。     

增压流化床N_2O和NO排放特性的试验研究

研究了燃煤增压流化床N2 O和NO的排放特性。在增压燃烧的条件下 ,随着床温的增加 ,N2 O的排放量减少得很快 ;而床温对NO的排放影响很小 ,这一结果与常压下的结果不同。随着过剩空气量的增加 ,N2 O和NO的排放量均增加 ,但N2 O的增幅比NO小。NO的排放量随着压力的增高而有明显的降低 ,在过剩空气系数较低的条件下 ,压力越高 ,NO的降低幅度越显著 ,而N2 O则增加。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON A NOVEL CHEMICAL HEAT PUMP DRYER USING A GAS-SOLID REACTION

The authors have been studying Chemical Heat Pumps (CHP) from the viewpoints of energy saving and environmental impact. The CHP can store thermal energy in the form of chemical energy by an endothermic reaction, and release it at various temperature levels during heat demand periods by exo/endothermic reactions. The authors have proposed in an earlier study a novel chemical heat pump (CHP) system for environmentally-friendly effective utilization of thermal energy in drying as a chemical heat pump dryer (CHPD). In this exploratory study, we test the effectiveness of operating the proposed CHPDs experimentally. Basic experiments on the CHPDs such as hot dry air production for convective drying are performed on lab-scale CHPD apparatuses using gas-solid reactions in calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide reactant beds. The proposed CHPDs are found to produce hot air by CHP operation for drying. The temperature levels of the produced hot air and the reaction rates/conversions are as good as in the case of hot water supply system using basically same CHP operation. The cold heat for air dehumidification is also found to be generated/recovered by the same CHPD system. The generated heat amounts can be increased by changing the operating conditions although the heat recovery must be enhanced for practical application of CHPDs.     

Atomically Sharp Crack in 15R-Sialon

A crack which propagated naturally in 15R-sialon was observed by high-resolution TEM. The crack was found to be atomically sharp and there was no evidence of microplasticity near the tip. The deformation of the lattice around the crack is discussed by considering a linear fracture mechanics model.