Crude oil from the Guneshli deep-water oil field

The results of studying crude oil from the Guneshli deep-water oil field are reported. The oil is light, low-sulfur, low-resin, waxy crude. The naphtha cut is characterized by a low octane number. Brand KO-20 clarified kerosene and brand TS-1 jet fuel can be obtained from the light kerosene cuts, while local-grade diesel can be obtained from the diesel cuts. The potential content of base oils with a viscosity index of 72–85 in the crude is 31.4 wt. %. The crude can be refined with the fuel-oil scheme.     

Radiation resistance of acetate and triacetate yarns

Conclusions The radiation resistance of acetate and triacetate yarns has been studied. It has been shown that, in retention of physico-mechanical properties at a radiation dose of 10 Mrad, the yarns may be placed in the series: acetate, dull > acetate, bright > acetate dyed > triacetate, bright.It has been found that irradiation of acetate yarns with small doses leads to an increase in their resistance to abrasion with practically complete retention of the original strength. The effect of radiative improvement is higher in acetate yarns which have been dulled with titanium dioxide.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 31–32, May–June, 1988.     

Organic Photovoltaic Sensors for Photocapacitive Stimulation of Voltage‐Gated Ion Channels in Neuroblastoma Cells

Organic semiconductors are emerging as promising candidates for novel electrically self‐sufficient photovoltaic prosthetics for neurostimulation, especially for restoration of light sensitivity in degenerate retina. Considering future applications, it is essential to gain fundamental insight into the signaling mechanisms at the organic photosensor–electrolyte–neuron interface. Particularly, targeting voltage‐gated ion channels by a pure photocapacitive stimulation is a preferred therapeutic approach as it avoids redox reactions involved in Faradaic charge injection. The present study investigates whether single neuroblastoma (N2A) cells, grown on a photosensor based on a small molecular squaraine:fullerene photoactive layer blend, optionally covered with silicon dioxide, can be activated by photocapacitive stimulation. Indeed, upon pulsed illumination, a rapid transient photocurrent strongly depolarizes the membrane potential and subsequently activates fast‐responding voltage‐gated sodium channels. The dielectric top coating on the organic layer ensures sufficient capacitive charge injection efficiency while maintaining the rapid response of the device. Due to the high irradiance level required for photocapacitive stimulation, another slower, independent, and unintended, nonelectrical signaling pathway is identified. This activates voltage‐gated potassium channels, presumably by photothermal effects. The present study provides the basis for further improvements on standalone photovoltaic neurostimulating platforms based on organic photoactive layers.     

Realization of sliding motion in a nonlinear stabilization system based on the method of the Lyapunov function

In this article, an approach is suggested for obtaining a sliding mode in nonlinear stabilization systems on the basis of the general stability theory. As an indicator of the stability, a time derivative is used of a decomposable quadratic form in phase variables. From the condition that the derivative is negative, two simultaneously operating kinds of control are obtained: an equivalent control that transforms the system into a linear one with a switching curve as its phase trajectory, and a high-frequency control that provides sliding motion along this curve. For the purpose of saving energy, a border layer is introduced. In this case, the sliding motion takes place at the border layer boundary, while inside the zero control is enabled. The results are modeled by means of the Simulink package, which is a part of the Matlab application.     

Crude oil from the Chirag field

The crude oil from a promising new offshore field in Azerbaidzhan — Chirag — is light, low-sulfur, low-resin, and waxy. Its naphtha cuts are characterized by low octane numbers. They can be used as components of automotive gasolines. Brand KO-20 lamp kerosene can be obtained from light kerosene cuts. Catalytic dewaxing must be conducted on the 150–280°C cut to manufacture jet fuel. The diesel cuts are favorable feedstock for manufacturing summer diesel fuel. The potential content of base oils with a viscosity index of 75–89 is 24.64 wt. % in crude oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 35–38, November–December, 2004.     

Heat transfer to an ascending laminar flow of hydrocarbons under supercritical pressure conditions

Some results of experimental investigations of heat transfer of n-heptane in a laminar forced flow under the conditions of supercritical pressures are presented, and equations to estimate the intensity of heat transfer under viscous and viscous-gravitational conditions are suggested. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 91–95, July–August, 2006.