High-Temperature Creep and Kinetic Demixing in (Co,Mg)O

The creep behavior of fine-grained (Co_0.5Mg_0.5)O and (Co_0.25Mg_0.75)O has been characterized as part of an investigation of kinetic demixing in solid-solution oxides due to a nonhydrostatic stress. (i) For low stresses and small grain sizes, the dominant deformation mechanism for both compositions is diffusional creep limited by the transport of oxygen along grain boundaries. The oxygen grain-boundary diffusivity, D _o ^b is independent of oxygen partial pressure. The values of ω D _o ^b , where ω is the grain-boundary width, that have been determined from the steady-state diffusional creep rates are given by ω D _o ^b =4.7×10⁻⁸ exp[-230 (kJ/mol)/ RT ] (cm³/s) for (Co_0.5Mg_0.5)O in the range 950° to 1200°C and ω D _o ^b =7.4 × 10⁻⁸ exp[-263 (kJ/mol)/ RT ] (cm³/s) for (Co_0.25Mg_0.75)O in the range 1100° to 1250°C. Since oxygen diffusion controls the rate of diffusional creep, kinetic demixing is not observed in deformed samples of either composition. (ii) For high stresses and large grain sizes, the dominant deformation mechanism in both cases is dislocation-climb-controlled creep, where the rate of dislocation climb is controlled by oxygen lattice diffusion. Based on the positive dependence of creep rate on oxygen partial pressure, it is concluded that oxygen diffuses through the lattice by an interstitial mechanism.     

Connectionist Finite State Natural Language Processing

Unless one is prepared to argue that existing, ‘classical’formal language and automata theory, together with the natural language linguistics built on them, are fundamentally mistaken about the nature of language, any viable connectionist natural language processing (NLP) model will have to be characterizable, at least approximately, by some generative grammar or by an automaton of the corresponding class. An obvious way of ensuring that a connectionist NLP device is so characterizable is to specify it in classical terms and then to implement it in an artificial neural network, and that is what this paper does. It adopts the deterministic pushdown transducer (DPDT) as an adequate formal model for general NLP and shows how a simple recurrent network (SRN) can be trained to implement a finite state transducer (FST) which simulates the DPDT. A computer simulation of a parser for a small fragment of English is used to study the properties of the model. The conclusion is that such SRN implementation results in a device which is broadly consistent with its classical specification, but also has emergent properties relative to that specification which are desirable in an NLP device.     

A New Concept for Using Ferroelectric Transistors in Nonvolatile Memories

A new concept for using a ferroelectric field effect transistor in a memory configuration is presented without the requirement of a negative voltage or an erase operation. The transistor is designed so that the accumulation sets in at a lower gate source voltage making it possible to reverse the polarization without applying a negative pulse to the gate.     

Electrical Conductivity of Iron-Doped NiO Single Crystal at Equilibrium and During Internal Oxidation

The dc electrical conductivity of (Ni_{1- x} Fe _x )O single crystals (0.01 < x < 0.09) has been measured at controlled oxygen partial pressure, at temperatures ranging from 1170 to 1490 K. The behavior of single-phase (Ni,Fe)O is characterized as a function of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and iron content, and interpreted in terms of diffusive transport of the electronic charge carriers. From in situ electrical conductivity measurements performed during the internal oxidation of (Ni,Fe)O to a two-phase mixture of "NiO"+ NiFe₂O₄, kinetics data for the internal oxidation are inferred.     

EFFECT OF HOST DEFENSE CHEMICALS ON CLONAL DISTRIBUTION AND PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF THE CEREAL APHID <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitobion avenae</Emphasis>

Five microsatellite loci were used to study the genetic variability and population structure of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on some of its host plants. Individuals were collected in Chile from different cultivated and wild Poaceae. Forty-four multilocus genotypes were found among the 1052 aphids analyzed, of which four represented nearly 90% of the sample. No specialist genotypes were found, although some preferred hosts endowed with chemical defenses, i.e., hydroxamic acids (Hx), while others preferred comparatively undefended hosts. Performances of some predominant and some rare genotypes were evaluated on plants differing in their Hx levels. Significant differences in performance were found among clones, the two most common genotypes showing no differences in performance among all hosts tested, and the rare genotypes showing enhanced performance on the host with highest Hx level. A hypothesis is proposed whereby the appearance of rarer genotypes is in part related to the presence of Hx.     

Determination of microstructural parameters of random spatial surface fractals by measuring chord length distributions

An experimental procedure for determining the micro-structural parameters of random spatial surface fractals is proposed. The procedure is based on chord length distribution measurements of planar sections of the investigated material at different linear resolutions, and comparison of the experimental results with the corresponding parameters of a well-defined structure model. The variability of the model allows microstructures with arbitrary volume fraction and fractal dimension to be considered. Furthermore, both discrete and continuous scaling behaviour have been studied.     

苯基-[雌(甾)-17β-醇-3]-偶氮化合物(PED)在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯薄膜中的光化学异构化反应研究

本文研究了PED偶氮化合物在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯固体介质中的光化学顺反异构化反应。对此种体系在π,π~*和n,π~*激发条件下光化学顺反异构化的量子产率、光稳态组成以及所在聚合物体系中的自由体积分布等的测定方法和原理进行了详细的介绍。这些方法对其它类似的光致变色体系同样也是适用的。     

STENCIL METHODS FOR PREPARING MOIRE GRIDS

Three methods are described for depositing moiré grids on specimens by means of thin metal meshes produced by electroforming. The methods involve printing, electro-etching, vacuum deposition, with the mesh used as a stencil, and they are capable of accurately reproducing grids with line densities of 2000 lines/in (80 lines/mm) and of giving good contrast.