Hydrocracking of vegetable oil on boron-containing catalysts: Effect of the nature and content of a hydrogenation component

Catalysts based on metals (Pt, Pd) and metal oxides (NiO, Co₃O₄, MoO₃, WO₃), supported on the surface of borate-containing aluminum oxide (B₂O₃–Al₂O₃), in the hydrocracking of sunflower oil at a temperature of 400°C, a pressure 4.0 MPa and a mass hourly space velocity MHSV 5.0 h^–1 are compared. H₂ TPR and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and ESDR show that the hydrogenation catalyst components are Pt⁰ and Pd⁰, a mixture of Ni²⁺ + Ni⁰, Co²⁺ + Co⁰, or a mixture of the highest and partially reduced oxides of Mo and W. It is established that catalysts containing Pt, Pd, NiO and Co₃O₄, ensure complete oil hydrodeoxygenation. The main oxygen removal reactions in Ptand Pd-systems are decarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation. For catalysts with NiO and Co₃O₄, characteristic reactions are reduction and methanation. The highest yield of the diesel fraction was obtained on Pt/B₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalysts with metal contents of 0.3–1.0 wt %. Along with n-alkanes, the diesel fractions obtained on these catalysts include cycloalkanes and iso-alkanes (up to around 40 wt %) and aromatic hydrocarbons present in trace amounts. Hydrocracking on the Pt system at 400°C for 20 h with MHSV of 1.0 h^–1 produces a diesel fraction with a yield of at least 82.0 wt % and the content of iso-alkanes at least 76.1 wt %.     

Heterogeneous oligomerization of light alkenes: 80 years in oil refining

Existing industrial technologies for the production of motor fuel compounds by the heterogeneous oligomerization of light С₂–С₄ alkenes are considered, along with ones promising for the practical use. Such basic types of systems used as heterogeneous catalysts in these processes as solid phosphoric acid, amorphous alumosilicates, zeolites, ion-exchange resins, anion-modified metal oxides, and nickel-containing catalysts, are described. Special attention is given to the dimerization of iso-butylene with the formation of iso-octene and its subsequent hydrogenation to iso-octane.     

State and Properties of a Carbon Sorbent Modified with a Bioactive Substance

Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces - A method for introducing small amounts of betulin (up to 1 wt %) into a mesoporous carbon material with a preset specific surface area of...     

Catalytic processes for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels from oil and fatty raw materials: Contemporary approaches

The scientific and technical achievements made during the last 15 years in the deoxygenation processes for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels from oil and fatty raw materials are reviewed. The most advanced methods for the processing of triglycerides into hydrocarbons are associated with the use of pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and hydrotreatment processes similar to those already used at petrochemical plants and oil refineries. The hydrotreatment technologies, which have already been adopted or ready for industrial application, are considered in more details. Nonsulphide catalysts for the single-stage production of waxy diesel fractions from vegetable oils and combined technologies are promising for reducing the consumption of hydrogen and increasing the yield of hydrocarbon products and the flexibility in obtaining different types of fuel.     

Hydrooligomerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons as a basis of new technologies for the production of motor fuel compounds

A brief analysis is performed for the current state of processes for the production of motor fuels based on the consecutive oligomerization and hydrogenation reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Some new butene hydrooligomerization catalysts based on the bifunctional NiO/В₂O₃–Al₂O₃, PdO/В₂O₃–Al₂O₃, and MoO₃/В₂O₃–Al₂O₃ systems are considered. It is shown that the best process performance parameters (a 67 wt % yield of liquid С₅₊ products at a butene conversion of more than 90%) are achieved with PdO/В₂O₃–Al₂O₃ catalyst prereduced in a hydrogen medium. The possibility of acetylene hydrooligomerization on NiO/B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ catalyst is demonstrated in principle. It is established that the presence of nickel(II) cations chemically bonded to the surface of a support is of fundamental importance for both acetylene hydrooligomerization and ethylene oligomerization.     

Solid acid alkylation of isobutane by butenes: the path from the ascertainment of the reasons for fast deactivation to the technological execution of the process

A short review of solid acid alkylation processes; the conception of the mechanism of goal and side conversion of isobutane and butenes, the deactivation nature of catalysts being used, and the possibility for their reactivation and industrial application is given. It was demonstrated that hydride transfer from isobutane molecules is the key process under which the catalytic cycles of alkylation retain and saturated hydrocarbons are formed as the process products. The main reason for the deactivation of alkylation catalysts is the formation of alkylcyclopentadienes and related compounds belonging to butenes. The problems of the fast deactivation of solid alkylation catalysts are substantially solved by the organization of catalyst performance in the connected reaction-regeneration system and in the application of hydrogenation and extraction procedures of activity regeneration, for which hydrogen and initial isobutane are used. Many companies incline to this kind of organizing of uninterrupted solid acid alkylation, which is an alternate to liquid acid alkylation.     

Synthesis and Thermal Expansion of a New Family of Phosphates—Analogs of α-CaMg2(SO4)3

Inorganic Materials - BiFe2(PO4)3 and Bi1–xSbхCr2(PO4)3 (0 < x < 1) solid solutions, isostructural with α?CaMg2(SO4)3 (sp. gr. P63/m), have been prepared via...     

Isolation of adamantane hydrocarbons from Cenomanian oil of the Russkoe oilfield

Adamantane hydrocarbons have been isolated from Cenomanian heavy naphthenic oil of the Russkoe field using the thiocarbamide adduction method. Steam distillation of the oil has given a fraction (boiling range 105–150°C) containing 0.36 wt % adamantane, from which a concentrate containing 18.2 wt % C₁₀–C₁₄ adamantane derivatives has been obtained. Adamantane and its derivatives in the crude oil, oil fractions, and concentrate have been identified, and adamantane has been quantified using the gas chromatography—mass spectrometry technique.     

Hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions on Pt/SO 4 2− -ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst: Conversion of model and real feedstocks

The conversion of benzene-containing gasoline fractions on the bifunctional Pt/SO ₄ ^2? -ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ catalytic system with different compositions of the support is studied. Using the results from hydroisomerization of a heptane-benzene model mixture, it is shown that a system with 67.8 wt % of aluminum oxide in its support has the best catalytic properties. For the IBP-85°C industrial benzene-containing fraction (23.7 wt % of benzene), it is established that the given catalyst ensures the complete removal of arenes from the benzene-containing fraction while raising its research octane number by 2.2–3.3 points and retaining a high yield of liquid products at levels of 98.7 wt % and higher.