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1.
Increasing the reaction temperature of the living cationic polymerization of isobutylene is crucial for industrial production due to the cost of refrigeration. The reaction temperature increase was achieved with an accelerated reaction rate using a flow reaction system. The polymerization conditions, including the flow reactor design, were based on the results of kinetic studies. Utilizing a milli‐scale flow reactor, polyisobutylene, which has a narrow molecular weight distribution, was obtained within a considerably short residence time at a high temperature. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the value of Mw/Mn correlates with the product of the Reynolds number and the angle of collision. 相似文献
2.
Genki Saito Yuji Kunisada Takumi Watanabe Xuemei Yi Takahiro Nomura Norihito Sakaguchi Tomohiro Akiyama 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2019,102(1):524-532
Carbon-and-oxygen-doped AlN specimens were prepared by combustion synthesis using Al, graphite, and AlN. Graphite addition changed the product color from white to blue. By XRD, the lattice constant increased slightly with increasing carbon content. Blue AlN powder was synthesized with a molar ratio of the diluent AlN of 0.2-0.5 with a fixed graphite content of 0.05. At an AlN molar ratio exceeding 0.6, carbon was not successfully incorporated due to the lower reaction temperature. Calcination at 800°C in air removed residual graphite without changing the crystal structure or product color. Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon analyses revealed that blue AlN powders contained 0.45-0.54 mass% carbon and 1.4-1.6 mass% oxygen, while the undoped AlN contained 0.021 mass% carbon and 0.94 mass% oxygen. The origin of the white-to-blue color change was investigated via reflection measurements. Blue AlN exhibits an absorption peak at 634 nm (1.96 eV). From first-principles electronic structure calculations, the C-doped AlN and carbon-and-oxygen-doped AlN with a 1:1 ratio could be classified as p-type, whereas the O-doped AlN and 1:3 carbon-and-oxygen-doped AlN were n-type. One reason for the absorption peak at 634 nm may be a transition from the conduction band to an upper unoccupied state. These results suggest the possible control of optical and electronic properties of AlN via carbon-and-oxygen doping. 相似文献
3.
Takahiro Hoshino 《Computational statistics & data analysis》2008,52(3):1413-1429
The estimation of the differences among groups in observational studies is frequently inaccurate owing to a bias caused by differences in the distributions of covariates. In order to estimate the average treatment effects when the treatment variable is binary, Rosenbaum and Rubin [1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70, 41-55] proposed an adjustment method for pre-treatment variables using propensity scores. Imbens [2000. The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions. Biometrika 87, 706-710] extended the propensity score methodology for estimation of average treatment effects with multivalued treatments.However, these studies focused only on estimating the marginal mean structure. In many substantive sciences such as the biological and social sciences, a general estimation method is required to deal with more complex analyses other than regression, such as testing group differences on latent variables. For latent variable models, the EM algorithm or the traditional Monte Carlo methods are necessary. However, in propensity score adjustment, these methods cannot be used because the full distribution is not specified.In this paper, we propose a quasi-Bayesian estimation method for general parametric models that integrate out the distributions of covariates using propensity scores. Although the proposed Bayes estimates are shown to be consistent, they can be calculated by existing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods such as Gibbs sampler. The proposed method is useful to estimate parameters in latent variable models, while the previous methods were unable to provide valid estimates for complex models such as latent variable models.We also illustrated the procedure using the data obtained from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSY1979-2002) for estimating the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of the child's cognitive functioning. 相似文献
4.
A survey of the state of SQA in Japan finds that the situation is much like, but slightly different than, that in the US. 相似文献
5.
The distribution ratios of Fe and B between molten Fe–B alloy and molten Ag were measured at temperatures between 1573 and 1923 K. Also, distribution ratios of Fe and B between molten Fe–B–Csatd. alloys and molten Ag were measured at 1873 K. It was found that the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing in molten Fe–B and Fe–B–C alloys can be expressed by utilizing the Redlich–Kister polynomial. The activity curves of the elements in molten Fe–B alloy and Fe–B–C alloy were estimated. 相似文献
6.
Quantitative analysis of isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLA/clay nanocomposite and PLA/clay/regenerated cellulose fiber (RCF) hybrid composite has been conducted. The crystallization rate constant (k) according to Avrami equation was higher in PLA/clay nanocomposite than in PLA/clay/RCF hybrid composite at the same crystallization temperature. The equilibrium melting temperature obtained by Hoffman–Weeks equation was almost same in both composites, whereas stability parameter was greater in hybrid composite than in nanocomposite. Activation energy of hybrid composite for crystallization was larger than that of nanocomposite. The value of nucleation parameter (Kg) and surface free energy (se) of hybrid composite were larger than nanocomposite, indicating that hybrid composite has a less folding regularity than nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
7.
Kiyoaki Imoto Kohshin Takahashi Takahiro Yamaguchi Teruhisa Komura Jun-ichi Nakamura Kazuhiko Murata 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2003,79(4):459-469
Here, we reported that a new carbon electrode prepared with an activated carbon was superior to a Pt sputtered electrode as the counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. The photovoltaic performance was largely influenced by the roughness factor of carbon electrode. The open-circuit voltage increased by about 60 mV using the carbon counter electrode compared to the Pt counter electrode because of positive shift of the formal potential for I3−/I− couple. 相似文献
8.
BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is often marked by repeated episodes of depression. We describe recovery from major depression across multiple mood episodes in patients with unipolar major depression at intake and examine the association of sociodemographic and clinical variables with duration of illness. METHODS: A cohort of 258 subjects treated for unipolar major depressive disorder was followed up prospectively for 10 years as part of the Collaborative Depression Study, a multicenter naturalistic study of the mood disorders. Diagnoses were made according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria, and the course of illness was assessed with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. Survival analyses were used to calculate the duration of illness for the first 5 recurrent mood episodes after recovery from the index episode. RESULTS: Diagnosis remained unipolar major depressive disorder for 235 subjects (91%). The median duration of illness was 22 weeks for the first recurrent mood episode, 20 weeks for the second, 21 weeks for the third, and 19 weeks for the fourth and fifth recurrent mood episodes; the 95% confidence intervals were highly consistent. From one episode to the next, the proportion of subjects who recovered by any one time point was similar. For subjects with 2 or more recoveries, the consistency of duration of illness from one recovery to the next was low to moderate. None of the sociodemographic or clinical variables consistently predicted duration of illness. CONCLUSION: In this sample of patients treated at tertiary care centers for major depressive disorder, the duration of recurrent mood episodes was relatively uniform and averaged approximately 20 weeks. 相似文献
9.
Di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexasaccharides were formed during the hydrolysis of lactose by transgalactosylation reaction of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. In this study the isolation and characterization of the major constituents of tri-, tetra- and pentasaccharides are described. The structure elucidation of 3 tri-, 2 tetra- and 1 pentasaccharides was carried out by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry and 13C-nmr spectrometry. The trisaccharides are , and . Tetrasaccharides are and [or . Pentasaccharide is . 相似文献
10.
Shunichi Hasegawa Takahiro Nishiwaki Hitoe Habuchi Shoji Nitta Shuichi Nonomura 《Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures》1995,3(3):313-325
The CPM spectra of fullerene films was measured to obtain the below gap absorption. The optical energy gap Eo was obtained by using the Tauc's plots. Eo did not change greatly with intercalated impurities. The absorption due to intercalated impurities was found below 1.6eV. 相似文献