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1.

This is an experimental economics research on human behaviour in “small decision making”. I set up ambiguity treatments in which there are two states of nature: a favourable state and an unfavourable state, but only one of them obtains on any given trial. The decision makers’ basic task is a binary choice between a risky option with higher expected value and a riskless option with lower expected value. The one-person game is iterated hundreds of times. Experimental results are reported with several findings, such as underweighting of rare events and deviations from expected value maximisation. Finally, I investigate the imperfect Bayesian decision makers observed in the experiments by exploring to what extent they can update prior probabilities and reflect it in making decisions.

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2.
A 32-year-old male was diagnosed as having miliary tuberculosis in May 1990. In spite of antituberculosis chemotherapy, he developed tuberculous meningitis and intracranial tuberculoma in September 1990. Miliary shadows on chest X-ray disappeared in December 1990. However, he developed left atelectasis, and bronchofiberscopy revealed soft tumor in the left main bronchus in January 1991. He suddenly vomited large amounts of blood and expired in February 1991. At autopsy, tuberculous lymphadenitis and cavitation were noted in the mediastinum, through which the left main bronchus, esophagus and descending aorta communicated. The patient died of massive bleeding which resulted from the rupture of tuberculous aortitis into the esophagus. This is a very rare case of tuberculous aortic aneurysm rupturing into both the bronchus and esophagus.  相似文献   
3.
The authors have developed a new type of motor consisting of a piezoelectric device and strain wave gearing, and is called a piezoelectric motor. This is a first step in realizing a low-speed, small-size and lightweight motor. The principle of the motor is that the traveling wave is produced by piezoelectric devices and displacement conversion devices without mechanical resonance, and the torque to rotate the motor is generated by a mechanism of strain wave gearing (circular spline and flexspline) without using friction. The motor is operated at variable frequency and its rotational position (angle) is controlled in open-loop because it is basically a synchronous motor. In this paper, the structure and principle of the proposed motor are explained and the driving method and the mechanical characteristics of an experimental motor also are described. The results are as follows:
  • 1 The realizability of the proposed piezoelectric motor is verified experimentally. The experimental motor operates at 2920 steps per revolution, and its speed range is 0 to 960 pps [or 0 to 20 (rpms)].
  • 2 The torque characteristics are clarified qualitatively.
  • 3 The generated torque of the experimental motor is small (less than 0.03 Nm) and therefore the improvement of the torque is an important subject hereafter.
  • 4 It is possible to construct the motor with nonmetallic material. This fact is considered to facilitate obtaining a means to lighten the weight of the motor in the future.
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4.
Extremely large grain size AIN ceramics were produced by HIP sintering at an ultra-high temperature of 2773 K without reducing the oxygen content in order to determine experimentally whether the factor controlling thermal conductivity is either grain boundaries or the internal structure of the grains. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of the HIPed AIN with a grain size of 40 m was 155 Wm–1 K–1, and was almost equal to that of the normally sintered AIN with a grain size of 4 m. Therefore, thermal conductivity at room temperature is independent of AIN grain size, or the number and amount of grain-boundary phase for reasonably well-sintered AIN ceramics. The calculated phonon mean free path of sintered bodies was 10–30 nm at room temperature, which is too small to compare with the AIN grain size. Consequently, it is shown that the thermal conductivity of sintered AIN is controlled by the internal structure of the grains, such as oxygen solute atoms.  相似文献   
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The phase formation and microstructure of titanium oxides and composites produced by Ar–O2 thermal plasma oxidation of titanium carbide powders were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Relationships between the phase compositions and microstructures of the oxides were established by combined structural and phase analyses, in correlation with synthesis conditions and phase formation mechanisms. It is revealed that vapor condensation favored the formation of anatase, which existed as smaller particles, while liquid/solid oxidation favored the formation of rutile, which appeared as larger particles or composites. A higher oxygen input in the plasma gases (Ar + O2) enhanced the formation of anatase due to impeded oxidation and evaporation. A small amount of Ti4O7 and Ti3O5 was detected in the larger particles coexisting with rutile or TiC. These suboxides were formed as intermediates in solid oxidation of TiC or precipitated from the Ti–C–O melt during cooling. Furthermore, extensive cracks, dislocations and stresses were observed in the monolithic rutile and composites, in association with the rapid quenching in this high-temperature in-flight oxidation process.  相似文献   
7.
Glasses doped with well‐controlled Eu3+ and Eu2+ ions have attracted considerable interest due to the possibility of tuning the wavelength range of the emitted light from violet to red by using their 5D07Fj and 5d–4f electron transitions. Glasses were prepared to dope Eu3+ ions in a Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 system, and the changes in the valence state of Eu3+ ions and the glass structure surrounding the Eu atoms during heating under H2 atmosphere were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy, and 27Al magic‐angle spinning solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The reduction behavior of Eu3+ ions was dependent on the Al/Na molar ratio of the glass. For Al/Na < 1, the Al3+ ions formed the AlO4 network structure accompanied by the Na+ ions as charge compensators; the Eu3+ ions occupied the interstitial positions in the SiO4 network structure and were not reduced even under heating in H2 gas. On the other hand, in the glasses containing Al2O3 with the Al/Na ratio exceeding unity, the Eu3+ ions commenced to be coordinated by the AlO4 units in addition to the SiO4 network structure. When heated in H2 gas, H2 gas molecules reacted with the AlO4 units surrounding Eu3+ ions to form AlO6 units terminated with OH bonds, and reduced Eu3+ ions to Eu2+ via the extracted electrons.  相似文献   
8.
The decomposition characteristics of an artificial biogas, which is a mixture of CH 4, CO 2, and H 2 S, using a low‐pressure DC glow discharge have been investigated. It is found that H 2, CO, C 2 H 2, H 2 O, CS 2, and COS are produced from the artificial biogas in the glow discharge. About 65% of the hydrogen atoms in CH 4 are converted into H 2 at an input energy of 800 J, at which CH 4 is completely decomposed, and the decomposition characteristics of the artificial biogas are minimally dependent on the H 2 S additive. Further, H 2 S has a tendency to be decomposed earlier than the other components of the artificial biogas. When the glow discharge is generated in the artificial biogas with H 2 S, some of the carbon atoms are found to deposit on the electrodes and the wall of the discharge chamber. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(1): 26–33, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22304  相似文献   
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10.
Sweet enhancing effect of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) or cyclamate has been reported to be synergistic in human sensory tests. However, little is known about whether these synergisms are caused by the mechanism mediated by the human sweet-taste receptor. Here, we examined the sweetness intensity of sweet tastant mixtures by measuring the responses of cultured cells stably expressing the human sweet-taste receptor. The results showed that the cell response to sucrose was synergistically potentiated by the addition of NHDC or cyclamate. Moreover, a point mutation in the transmembrane domain of hT1R3 almost completely eliminated the enhancing effects of NHDC and cyclamate. These results suggest that ligand–receptor interactions in the transmembrane domain of hT1R3 are necessary for NHDC and cyclamate to elicit the synergistic potentiation of the receptor activation. Our results may provide the foundation of a molecular basis for receptor-based synergisms of sweet tastes in mixtures of diverse sweet substances.  相似文献   
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