Effect of rapid sample cooling on efficiency of multiple impurity-atom doping

Shallow and efficient doping of wide band-gap semiconductors has remained one of yet unresolved problems to date. A possible solution to this problem is doping with complexes of a few impurity atoms at a quasi-equilibrium state, which is introduced by controlled cooling of a sample after doping. In this work, (1) we first define a global and quasi-equilibria of our interest based on a simple thermodynamic model for a doped crystal, and then (2) we discuss how the cooling rate affects the probability of impurity-complex formation at a quasi-equilibrium as defined. Our main message is that one should design impurity complexes as small in size as possible which have as large a binding energy as possible. This is a required condition for complex designs when it is difficult to tune the cooling rate.     

Animated interface agent applying atms-based multimodal input interpretation

Two requirements should be met in order to develop a practical multimodal interface system , i . e ., ( 1 ) integration of delayed arrival of data and ( 2 ) elimination of ambiguity in recognition results of each modality . This paper presents an efficient and generic methodology for interpretation of multimodal input to satisfy these requirements . The proposed methodology can integrate delayed - arrival data satisfactorily and efficiently interpret multimodal input that contains ambiguity . In the input interpretation the multimodal interpretation process is regarded as hypothetical reasoning , and the control mechanismof interpretation is formalized by applying the assumption - based truth maintenance system ( ATMS ). The proposed method is applied to an interface agent system that accepts multimodal input consisting of voice and direct indication gesture on a touch display . The systemcommunicates to the user through a human - like interface agent's three - dimensional motion image with facial expressions , gestures , and a synthesized voice .     

A corrosion prediction method for weathering steels

Japanese Specification for Highway Bridges [Japan Road Association: Specification for Highway Bridges—I & II, 2002.3] has been revised in 2002, which clearly states that degradation of bridge members, including those of weathering steels, to occur in prolonged period of time must be taken into account at the design stage to realize long term structural durability. To cope with the revised paradigm, SABI chemistry committee in Japan Society of Corrosion Engineers has proposed durable state concept [SABI Chemistry Committee of Japan Society of Corrosion Engineers, in: Proc. 132nd Symposium for Corrosion and Protection, 2001.6.25, p. 3], which is defined as a condition in which corrosion rate of steel is slow enough not to form thick rust [H. Kihira, K. Shiotani, H. Miyuki, T. Nakayama, M. Takemura, Y. Watanabe, Doboku Gakkai Ronbun-shu (J. Japan Soc. Civil Engineers) No. 745/I-65, 2003.10, pp.77-87]. Since corrosiveness of atmosphere differs by location, a corrosion prediction method for both conventional and advanced weathering steels [H. Kihira, A. Usami, K. Tanabe, M. Ito, G. Shigesato, Y. Tomita, T. Kusunoki, T. Tsuzuki, S. Ito, T. Murata, in: Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 99-26, 2000, pp. 127-136] is needed to ensure structural durability for future. Thus, versatile computational scheme for it has been derived through mathematical modeling based upon the durable state concept.     

Heat transfer characteristics of a reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (Heat transfer characteristics of a deployable radiator for use on the ETS‐VIII satellite while in orbit)

As heat generation in satellites increases, ensuring that they are provided with sufficient radiator panel area is an important problem. Deployable radiators, with radiator panels that are deployed post‐launch in space to increase the satellite's effective radiator panel area of the satellite, are becoming an important thermal control technology. A reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (RELHP) is used in deployable radiators as a heat transport device. A deployable radiator of this type was mounted on the ETS‐VIII satellite, which was launched on December 18, 2006 and injected into a geostationary orbit. The satellite is still operating without any significant issues over two years later. This paper investigates the heat transport characteristics of an RELHP system used in a deployable radiator in a geostationary orbital environment. This system can be successfully started up in a micro gravity environment. We also found that the sub‐cooling region is shorter in a micro gravity environment than in a terrestrial gravity environment, because there is less heat leakage into the reservoir in a micro gravity environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20346     

Effect of transcutaneous electrostimulation on noise-induced temporary threshold shift

The effect of transcutaneous electrostimulation around the ear before and during noise exposure on noise-induced temporary threshold shift (TTS) was examined in 26 volunteers. Electrostimulation reduced TTS in the majority of cases and the reduction was statistically significant. Two possible mechanisms for this reduction are proposed: stimulation of the olivocochlear bundle and alteration of cochlear blood flow. Transcutaneous electrostimulation may be useful for prevention or treatment of noise induced hearing damage and for treatment of tinnitus.     

Study on heat transfer characteristics of reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (1st report,Influence of evaporator orientation against gravity and charged liquid weight on heat transfer characteristics)

High‐powered satellites need larger heat rejection areas. A deployable radiator is one of the key technologies for a high‐powered satellite bus. A Reservoir Embedded Loop Heat Pipe (RELHP) is a two‐phase heat transfer device that constitutes a deployable radiator. RELHP has an evaporator core which is used as a liquid reservoir to enhance operational reliability. This paper presents the heat transport characteristics of a RELHP under changing evaporator orientation against gravity and charged ammonia weight by experiment and calculation. Liquid slug position in the reservoir has a great influence on heat transport characteristics, caused by changing heat transfer coefficients between returned liquid into the evaporator and vapor in the reservoir. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(3): 143– 157, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20150     

A contribution towards improving the applicability of laboratory wear tests to practice

In previous wear tests it was frequently found that there was no systematic analysis of the applicability of the results of the tests to practical systems.In the present paper an attempt was made to study the applicability of wear test results with the aid of a system analysis and similarity laws. The test conditions under which a good qualitative applicability of wear results can be expected were determined. For checking the applicability of wear test results, suitable material and surface studies were introduced. The considerations described with respect to the applicability of wear test results are summarized in a flow chart; this demonstrates how to perform the applicable wear tests.     

The effects of the microstructural characteristics of Fe–0.33C–1.2Mn–xNb–xMo steels on hydrogen embrittlement fracture

International Journal of Fracture - The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) characteristics of Fe–0.33C–1.2Mn–xNb–xMo steels were investigated experimentally using various samples...     

Study on heat transfer characteristics of reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (Influence of condenser cooling method on heat transfer characteristics)

As heat generation in satellites increases, securing sufficient radiator panel area is an important problem. Deployable radiators, whose radiator panels are deployed post‐launch in space to increase the effective radiator panel area of the satellite, is becoming an important thermal control technology. A reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (RELHP) is applied to the deployable radiator for a thermal transport device. This paper presents the heat transport dynamic characteristics of a RELHP using a radiant cooling condenser and liquid forced convection cooling condenser by an experimental study. It was found that heat leak into the liquid line, flexible line, and reservoir increases the length of the sub‐cooling region in the condenser. In the case of the radiant cooling condenser, the sub‐cooling region length is shorter than that of a liquid forced convection cooling condenser. Furthermore, vapor temperature is mainly decided by the radiation capacity of the radiator panel, because liquid temperature returned into the evaporator rises with an increase in radiator panel temperature. In addition, time length from start‐up until steady state is greater than the liquid forced convection cooling condenser case, because the radiator panel has a large heat capacity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20229