QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEXTURE CHANGE IN COD MUSCLE DURING FROZEN STORAGE

The textural deterioration of cod muscle during frozen storage was investigated by objective measurement using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The rates of texture change as a function of storage time revealed that the increased toughness and decreased cohesiveness could be described by a first-order relationship. Higher storage temperatures resulted in more rapid rates of textural deterioration. Larger activation energy constants for toughness of cod muscle as compared to cohesiveness indicated that toughening was more temperature dependent than cohesiveness. The increased toughness and the decreased cohesiveness of frozen-stored fish appeared to be related to the protein denaturation of the cod muscle and the loss of water-holding capacity, respectively.     

Particle size effect on the filtration drag of fly ash from a coal power plant

In order to investigate the filtration properties of fly ash from a conventional coal power plant, the filtration drag across the dust cake over an absolute fiberglass filter element was measured. A fluidized bed column was utilized to obtain a well characterized particle stream. The cake resistance coefficient was analyzed by the equation proposed by Endo et al. [1998] in order to observe the effect of particle size and polydispersity. The filtration drag was measured for three kinds of particle stream having the geometric mean particle size of 3.15, 6.07, and 7.83 μm and the geometric standard deviation less than 1.44 in the practical operation conditions for the field applications of face velocity of 0.03–0.06 m/s and area dust load up to 0.2 kg/m². A dust cake of smaller particle size showed larger pressure drop even though the porosity was higher and presented high compressibility according to the face velocity. The particle polydispersity was also a dominant factor affecting the compressibility of the dust cake.     

Feed/Seed比值对好氧生物处理效率的影响

好氧生物反应器的进料物（Feed）是经厌氧作用的消化污泥，而其接种体（Seed）是活性污泥。主要研究了四种Feed／Seed比值（1：0，3：1，1：1和0：1）对好氧生物处理效率的影响。对于Feed／Seed比值为1：0和0：1而言，污泥的TSS和VSS的去除率很低。而另外两种比值的实验结果表明，TSS和VSS的去除率均随Feed／Seed比值的增加而增加。对于Feed／Seed比值为3的生物反应器，28天的TSS和VSS的去除率分别达到了49％和50％。并且TSS和VSS的降解服从一级反应动力学。动力学降解常数（k）也随Feed／Seed比值的增加而增加。而且VSS的去除率略高于TSS。另外，硝化反应的发生导致好氧生物反应器中的硝酸根离子浓度的增加和pH的降低。     

Electrical analysis of Li/SOCl2 cell connected with electrochemical capacitor

A Li/SOCl₂ bobbin-type cell, connected in parallel with an electrochemical capacitor, is investigated in order to overcome the voltage delay problem at high-rate discharge. In spite of the high internal resistance of the Li/SOCl₂ cell due to the passivation, the voltage delay is suppressed. Impedance measurements, in which the cell is separated from the capacitor, explain the suppression process clearly. The electrochemical capacitor operates as a high-current buffer and voltage-delay suppressor for the Li/SOCl₂ bobbin-type cell.     

Surface effects of hybrid vibration-assisted femtosecond laser system for micro-hole drilling of copper substrate

The ultrafast laser based hybrid machining system was studied and a novel approach was demonstrated to improve laser machining quality on metals by vibrating the optical objective lens with a low frequency (500 Hz) and various displacements (0-16.5 μm) during a femtosecond laser machining process.The laser used in this experiment is an amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond (10-15 s) laser system that generates 100 femtosecond pulses having an energy of 3.5 mJ/pulse with a 5 kHz repetition rate at a central wavelength of 790 nm.It is found that both the wall surface finish of the machined structures and the aspect ratio obtained using the frequency vibration assisted laser machining are improved compared with those derived via laser machining without vibration assistance.     

Investigation of the drying temperature dependence of the orientation in sol–gel processed PZT thin films

The crystal orientations of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films have been investigated by using various drying temperatures in the sol–gel process. The films were dried at different temperatures between 310 and 350°C for pyrolysis and then were heat treated at 650°C using rapid thermal annealing (RTA). TG/DTA and FTIR spectroscopy were used to detect the remnants of organic materials in the thin films prior to the final heat treatment. In order to examine the relationship between the film orientation and the remaining organic materials for the prior and final heat treatment, the films were fabricated with different coating cycles and dried for different holding times and then annealed at 650°C. The preferred orientations were investigated using X-ray diffraction. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surimi-Starch Interactions Based on Mixture Design and Regression Models

Interaction effects of starch mixtures within surimi gels were investigated by modified distance-based design and analyzed by linear and nonlinear backward regression models. Nonlinear regression model showed highly significant interaction terms of starch-surimi, starch-water, and starchstarch. The response trace plot revealed that shear stress and shear strain were quite sensitive to changes in amounts of starch components. Optimum solution with combinations of various starches, surimi, and water was provided using linear and nonlinear programming.     

Fabrication of curved micro structures on photoresist layer

A novel fabrication process for micro patterns with curvature was introduced. The curved structures were made by compensating rectangular micro structures with liquid photoresist layer. Because of the surface tension of the liquid in micro scale, various shapes of meniscus can be made on the micro channels. The micro channels were made on the silicon substrate in advance, and then the liquid layer was coated on the micro channels. From the nature of liquid behavior, the curved patterns with smooth surface are obtained, which cannot be made easily with the conventional mechanical machining, as well as with the microfabrication processes, such as wet and dry etching. With this principle, it is expected that the smooth and curved surfaces can be made by simple processes and the results can be applied widely, such as optical patterns.