A comparison between two photographic methods for the determination of relative bidirectional reflectance

Two simple photographic methods have recently been proposed for the measurement of relative bidirectional reflectance (Lillesand and Kiefer 1979, Curran 1980). These two methods were used to calculate the relative bidirectional reflectance of ten contrasting surfaces. The photographic relative bidirectional reflectance so recorded, was then compared with the radiometric bidirectional reflectance for each surface. Two conclusions were drawn: first, that relative bidirectional reflectance can be measured using these simple photographic techniques, and second, that there was no significant difference between the Lillesand and Kiefer and Curran methods for photographically deriving relative bidirectional reflectance.     

Increasing the production rate of a just-in-time production system with variable operation times

This paper examines a just-in-time (JIT) system with kanbans with three subassembly lines feeding a final assembly station. Variability in operation times exists and variability effects are reduced by increasing work in process levels or by unbalancing the subassembly lines through assignment of work content at each station. Of the several unbalancing methods that were analysed in this study, only the high-medium-low showed a consistent improvement in the output rate of the JIT production system. The output rates with unbalanced stations were always superior to the output rate of the perfectly balanced configurations used as controls. The extent of improvement over the output rate of balanced systems increased directly with the variability in operation times in final assembly and subassembly stations and inversely with the interstage buffer capacity allowed in the system.     

Significance of non-isotropic scattering from vegetation for geobotanical remote sensing

Abstract

Although it has been known for quite some time that individual leaves display non-Lambertian scattering at wavelengths of strong absorption in the visible part of the spectrum, while displaying near-Lambertian behaviour at wavelengths of little absorption in the near-infrared, this is widely ignored in geobotanical remote sensing investigations. Preliminary data show that non-Lambertian behaviour may have a significant effect on the ratio of infrared/red reflectance with changing illumination and observation angles, but little or no efTect on the location of the steep rise in reflectance from the red to the infrared (‘red edge’). These results indicate the need for a complete assessment of directional scattering from different vegetation and canopy types, and strongly suggest the need for caution in interpretation of observational data taken without regard for illumination and observation angles.     

On the suitability of Kodak neutral test cards as reflectance standards

Abstract

Kodak neutral test cards are evaluated as reflectance standards for use in field spectroscopy. Laboratory measurements of spectral reflectance over the range 400-1100 nm show that the consistency between cards selected from a single manufacturers batch is good. Cards chosen from different batches manufactured over the period 1983-1988 were more variable in reflectance, especially in the reflective infrared. Cards from different batches which had been used in the field under controlled conditions were less variable in reflectance than those which had not been used at all, but they had an average reflectance 1-2 per cent higher than new cards in Thematic Mapper bands 1-4.     

Water-Soluble Flavor and Odor Precursors of Meat. 4. Influence of Cooking on Nucleosides and Bases of Beef Steaks and Roasts and Their Relationship to Flavor, Aroma and Juiciness

SUMMARY: Cooking resulted in significant increases in adenylic acid, total purine nucleosides and bases of 80 beef roasts of eight different cuts. It decreased the contents of inosinic acid, guanylic acid and sum of individual nucleotides (adenylic, cytidylic, uridylic, inosinic and guanylic acids) in these samples. Significant differences were also found between the various constituents of raw and cooked samples of the beef cuts.     

FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER Fe/Ti ALLOYS

l一ltroduetlon Hydrogenation of earbon monoxide to form 11ydroearbons and aleollols 15 usually carriedout over iron and cobalt catalysts.In Germany during World War 11,cobalt eatalysts wereused to Produce some of the liquid fuels required by the country f…     

Effects of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Oxidation of Silicon Carbide

The rate of oxidation of silicon carbide was studied at different partial pressures of oxygen. The diffusion rate constant was found to vary with the logarithm of the partial pressure of oxygen according to the theory of oxidation of thin films as proposed by Engell and Hauffe. An alternative explanation based on the change of free energy with surface coverage was also found to fit the data.     

THE LAW OF EFFECT AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED EYELID RESPONSE.

COMPARED THE TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE OF AN EYELID RESPONSE WITH CR CHARACTERISTICS BY CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED SS TO THE TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE AT THE SPONTANEOUS RATE BY SS RECEIVING UNPAIRED CSS AND UCSS. RESPONSES WERE PRODUCED SIGNIFICANTLY EARLIER THAN UNPAIRED PRESENTATIONS. WITHIN-S COMPARISONS WITH PREDICTED TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE BASED ON SPONTANEOUS RATE PRIOR TO INITIATION OF CONDITIONING GAVE EQUIVOCAL RESULTS. A SIMPLE LAW OF EFFECT INTERPRETATION OF THE INITIATION OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, WHICH REQUIRES THAT THE CR 1ST OCCUR SPONTANEOUSLY IN ORDER TO BE REINFORCED BY THE INSTRUMENTAL EFFECT OF THE CR ON THE UCS BEFORE ACQUISITION CAN BEGIN, WAS NOT SUPPORTED. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)