An important aspect that limits the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is the difficulty in obtaining homogeneously dispersed CNTs of uniform length. Hence, homogenization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was carried out using bullet blender and the dispersion behavior was compared with that of ultrasonication. 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Triton-x-100 and polyethylene glycol 4000 were used as dispersing agents during homogenization. The dispersed CNTs were studied using transmission electron microscopy, ImageJ and Raman spectroscopy. Though dispersion and reduction in length of MWCNTs were observed both with ultrasonication and homogenization, lowest length range with about 75% reduction in polydispersity index was obtained on homogenization. Longer time of ultrasonication resulted in damage to small MWCNTs. Well dispersed and shorter MWCNTs were obtained with Triton-x-100 while reduction in length was minimum with SDS. SWCNTs of less than 1 μm length could be obtained by homogenization with Triton-x-100. 相似文献
Journal of Porous Materials - Among the various biomass-derived platform chemicals, levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as one of the top-10 important molecules by Department of Energy, United... 相似文献
In this work we present a study on the effect of annealing temperatures on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical characteristics of gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films. GZO and IZO films were deposited at room temperature by r.f. magnetron sputtering, whereas the ITO films were commercial ones purchased from Balzers. All films were annealed at temperatures of 250 and 500 °C in open air for 1 h. The GZO and ITO films were polycrystalline. The amorphous structure of as-deposited IZO films becomes crystalline on high temperature annealing (500 °C). The sheet resistivity increased with increase in annealing temperature. GZO films showed an increase of 6 orders of magnitude. The optical transmittance and band gap of as-deposited films varied with annealing. The highest transmittance (over 95 %) and maximum band gap (3.93 eV) have been obtained for ITO films. 相似文献
A method for identifying coherent generators in a power system is presented. The method is based on the property of equal acceleration for coherent machines and requires only the admittance matrix of the system and the moment of inertia of the generators. An expression is developed for the coherency index between any two generators in a power system, and, based on the value of this index, coherency or otherwise of the generators is established. A method of obtaining the dynamic equivalent of a coherent group is also described. The method of coherency identification and equivalencing is illustrated using a 12-machine sample system. The validity of the method is demonstrated by comparing the transient stability study results of the original system with those obtained for the reduced-order model of the system. The proposed method is computationally simple and fast and requires less memory. 相似文献
In ultrasonic welding, high frequency vibrations are combined with pressure to join two materials together quickly and securely, without producing significant amount of heat. During ultrasonic welding of sheet metal, normal and shear forces act on the parts to be welded and the weld interface. These forces are the result of ultrasonic vibrations of the tool, pressed onto the parts to be welded. In this study a model for the temperature distribution during welding and stress distribution in the horn and welded joints are presented. With the knowledge of the forces that act at the interface it is possible to control weld strength and avoid sonotrode welding (sticking of the sonotrode to the parts). The presented finite element model is capable of predicting the interface temperature and stress distribution during welding and their influences in the work piece, sonotrode and anvil. The study also included the effect of clamping forces, material thickness and coefficient of friction during heat generation at the weld interface. 相似文献
Hydrogenation of esters to alcohols with a well‐defined iron iPr2PNP pincer complex has been recently reported by us and other groups. We now introduce a novel and sterically less hindered Et2PNP congener that provides superior catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of various carboxylic acid esters and lactones compared to the known complex. Successful hydrogenation proceeds under relatively mild conditions (60 °C) with lower catalyst loadings.