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1.
We describe simple linear time algorithms for coloring the squares of balanced and unbalanced quadtrees so that no two adjacent squares are given the same color. If squares sharing sides are defined as adjacent, we color balanced quadtrees with three colors, and unbalanced quadtrees with four colors; these results are both tight, as some quadtrees require this many colors. If squares sharing corners are defined as adjacent, we color balanced or unbalanced quadtrees with six colors; for some quadtrees, at least five colors are required. 相似文献
2.
3.
M. E. Fitzpatrick M. T. Hutchings J. E. King D. M. Knowles P. J. Withers 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1995,26(12):3191-3198
The effects of a thermal residual stress field on fatigue crack growth in a silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum alloy
have been measured. Stress fields were introduced into plates of material by means of a quench from a solution heat-treatment
temperature. Measurements using neutron diffraction have shown that this introduces an approximately parabolic stress field
into the plates, varying from compressive at the surfaces to tensile in the center. Long fatigue cracks were grown in specimens
cut from as-quenched plates and in specimens which were given a stress-relieving overaging heat treatment prior to testing.
Crack closure levels for these cracks were determined as a function of the position of the crack tip in the residual stress
field, and these are shown to differ between as-quenched and stress-relieved samples. By monitoring the compliance of the
specimens during fatigue cycling, the degree to which the residual stresses close the crack has been evaluated.
formerly Research Student, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge
formerly Lecturer, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Creep and Fatigue in Metal Matrix Composites” at the
1994 TMS/ASM Spring meeting, held February 28–March 3, 1994, in San Francisco, California, under the auspices of the Joint
TMS-SMD/ASM-MSD Composite Materials Committee. 相似文献
4.
Jennifer K. Edwards Adrian Thomas Benjamin E. Solsona Philip Landon Albert F. Carley Graham J. Hutchings 《Catalysis Today》2007,122(3-4):397-402
The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H2 and O2 using a range of supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts is compared for different supports using conditions previously identified as being optimal for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, i.e. low temperature (2 °C) using a water–methanol solvent mixture and short reaction time. Five supports are compared and contrasted, namely Al2O3, -Fe2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and carbon. For all catalysts the addition of Pd to the Au only catalyst increases the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis as well as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide formed. Of the materials evaluated, the carbon-supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts give the highest reactivity. The results show that the support can have an important influence on the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from the direct reaction. The effect of the methanol–water solvent is studied in detail for the 2.5 wt% Au–2.5 wt% Pd/TiO2 catalyst and the ratio of methanol to water is found to have a major effect on the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis. The optimum mixture for this solvent system is 80 vol.% methanol with 20 vol.% water. However, the use of water alone is still effective albeit at a decreased rate. The effect of catalyst mass was therefore also investigated for the water and water–methanol solvents and the observed effect on the hydrogen peroxide productivity using water as a solvent is not considered to be due to mass transfer limitations. These results are of importance with respect to the industrial application of these Au–Pd catalysts. 相似文献
5.
The activation of propane using zeolite H-Y and Ga3+ exchanged zeolite Y indicates that in the presence of Ga3+ the mechanism of propane activation is changed from a cracking pathway to a dehydrogenation pathway. The presence of both Ga3+ and H+ are required to achieve this effect. 相似文献
6.
The response has been studied of eight unfilled elastomers (four natural rubber compounds, epoxidized natural rubber ENR50, butyl rubber, polybutadiene and polyurethane) to erosion by 150 m silica sand at an impact velocity of 48 m sec–1. All were tested at an impact angle of 30°, close to the impact conditions occurring in pipe bends, while two were also tested at 90°. Wide variations in erosion rate were observed between different rubbers. These differences did not correlate systematically with the nature of the base elastomer, glass transition temperature or mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength or ultimate tensile elongation, nor with resistance to abrasive wear. Good correlation was, however, found with rebound resilience. A high resilience tended to imply high erosion resistance, The erosion rate was found empirically to be proportional to the quantity (1 - fractional resilience) raised to the power 1.4. Different surface morphologies were found in specimens of high and low resilience after erosion at 30°. Finely spaced transverse ridges formed on high-resilience rubbers, whereas surface features on low-resilience rubbers showed no directionality. Preliminary conclusions are drawn about possible mechanisms of material removal. 相似文献
7.
Gang Li Dan I. Enache Jennifer Edwards Albert F. Carley David W. Knight Graham J. Hutchings 《Catalysis Letters》2006,110(1-2):7-13
The oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde has been investigated in the absence of solvent using zeolite-supported Au
and Au–Pd catalysts. Three zeolites were investigated, ZSM-5, zeolite β and zeolite Y, and these were contrasted with the
titanoslicalite TS-1 and TiO2 as supports. For the Au catalysts the best results are obtained with zeolite β as the support and the conversions were comparable
or better than those observed with TiO2 in terms of turn over frequencies. However, the selectivities observed with the acidic zeolites were lower than the non-acidic
TS-1 and TiO2. This is due to the subsequent reaction of benzaldehyde via acid catalysed reactions to give benzyl benzoate and its dibenzyl
acetal, and, in some cases dibenzylether. Initial catalysts were evaluated with a gold loading of 2 wt% and increasing this
to 4 wt% showed the expected increase in activity, indicating that there is scope to improve the performance of these catalysts.
The most active catalysts were prepared by impregnation and catalysts prepared by deposition precipitation were considerably
less active. Introduction of Pd into the catalyst improved the activity without significantly affecting the selectivity. 相似文献
8.
Saleh Al-Sayari Albert F. Carley Stuart H. Taylor Graham J. Hutchings 《Topics in Catalysis》2007,44(1-2):123-128
The preparation of Au/ZnO and Au/Fe2O3 catalysts using two coprecipitation methods is investigated to determine the important factors that control the synthesis
of high activity catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperature. In particular, the factors involved
in the preparation of catalysts that are active without the need for a calcination step are evaluated. The two preparation
methods differ in the manner in which the pH is controlled during the precipitation, either constant pH throughout or variable
pH in which the pH is raised from an initial low value to a defined end point. Non-calcined Au/ZnO catalysts prepared using
both methods are very sensitive to pH and ageing time, and catalysts prepared at a maximum pH = 5 with a short ageing time
(ca. 0–3 h) exhibit high activity. Catalysts prepared at higher pH give lower activity. However, all catalysts require a short
operation period during which the oxidation activity increases. In contrast, the calcined catalysts are not particularly sensitive
to the preparation conditions. Non-calcined Au/Fe2O3 catalysts exhibit high activity when prepared at pH ≥ 5. Calcined Au/Fe2O3 prepared using the controlled pH method retain high activity, whereas calcined catalysts prepared using the variable pH method
are inactive. The study shows the immense sensitivity of the catalyst performance to the preparation methods. It is therefore
not surprising that marked differences in the performance of supported Au catalysts for CO oxidation that are apparent in
the extensive literature on this subject, particularly the effect of calcination, can be expected if the preparation parameters
are not carefully controlled and reported. 相似文献
9.
Xiaobao Li Richard P. K. Wells Peter B. Wells Graham J. Hutchings 《Catalysis Letters》2003,89(3-4):163-167
The premodification of a 5 wt% Pt/-Al2O3 catalyst with cinchonidine (0.01 and 0.2 g g-1
catalyst) is described and discussed. Premodification is carried out by treating the catalyst with a solution of cinchonidine followed by solvent removal. Catalysts premodified in this way give the same ee and initial rate of reaction for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate as those using the standard in situ modification procedure. Investigations of different solvents for premodification and reaction (dichloromethane, ethanol) show that it is the solvent used for the reaction that controls the observed enantioselection. Premodified catalysts also display the initial transient behavior typically observed with in situ modified catalysts in which the ee increases with conversion in the early part of the reaction. Premodified catalysts show an enhanced rate of reaction when ethanol is used as the reaction solvent compared with in situ modified catalysts under the same conditions. Premodification using aerobic conditions gives the best results and premodified catalysts can be stored prior to use for up to a week without loss of catalytic performance. 相似文献
10.
Nianxue Song Zhengqian Xuan Jonathan K. Bartley Stuart H. Taylor David Chadwick Graham J. Hutchings 《Catalysis Letters》2006,106(3-4):127-131
The use of a periodic flow reactor is described for the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride to compare the catalytic performance
of vanadium phosphate catalysts operating under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It is found that for the catalyst prepared
via a standard VPO method, operation in the absence of oxygen leads to a very small enhancement in selectivity when butane
concentrations in the range 0.9–2.9% are used. Operation in the absence of oxygen leads to very small differences in conversion
such that the overall yield is enhanced and this effect is maximised for reactor feeds containing 1.5% butane. However, the
enhancement is negligible when the catalyst is operated at high conversion required for commercial operation, indicating that
reactors operating with continuous flow with aerobic conditions are preferred. Similar experiments are conducted for a catalyst
prepared by the VPD method and, in contrast, this catalyst gives lower butane conversion and maleic anhydride selectivity
when operated in the absence of oxygen. 相似文献