APPLICATION OF THE CONSTANT MOLAR FLOW METHOD IN THE STUDY OF MASS TRANSFER OF GASES AND VAPORS IN BIDISPERSE STRUCTURED SOLIDS

In this paper, we provide exact analytical solutions for a new method of constant molar flow of pure gas into a reservoir containing solid adsorbents having a bidispersed structure, such as zeolite, activated carbon and alumina. Depending on the diffusion mechanism, two models are proposed under the isothermal conditions and linear isotherm. One is applicable to zeolite, and the other for alumina and activated carbon. The solutions of these two models are in the form of an infinite series, and its eigenvalues are determined from a transcendental equation. This transcendental equation is such that the eigenvalues are lumped into infinite but countable groups, and in each group there are infinite but countable eigenvalues. The dominant eigenvalues are generally the first ten to thirty eigenvalues (depending on the value of time at which the series is evaluated) in each group. The pressure response of the reservoir is a function of time as the result of the introduction of adsorbate into the reservoir, and as time is sufficiently large it asymptotes to a straight line, of which the slope is a function of the equilibrium parameters only and the intercept is found to be an explicit function of the equilibrium parameters as well as the diffusivities in the macropore and micropore.     

Lamellar boundary alignment of DS-processed TiAl−W alloys by a solidification procedure

In this study, a β solidification procedure was used to align the lamellae in a Ti-47Al-2W (at.%) alloy parallel to the growth direction. The Bridgman technique and the floating zone process were used for directional solidification. The mechanical properties of the directionally solidified alloy were evaluated in tension at room temperature and at 800°C. At a growth rate of 30 mm/h (with the floating zone approach), the lamellae were well aligned parallel to the growth direction. The aligned lamellae yielded excellent room temperature tensile ductility. The tensile yield strength at 800°C was similar to that at room temperature. The orientation of the γ lamellar laths in the directionally solidified ingots, which were manufactured by means of a floating zone process, was identified with the aid of electron backscattered diffraction analysis. On the basis of this analysis, the preferred growth direction of the bcc-β dendrites that formed at high temperatures close to the melting point was inferred to be [001]_β at a growth rate of 30 mm/h and [111]_β at a growth rate of 90 mm/h.     

Supported inorganic membranes: Promises and challenges

Supported inorganic membranes hold the promise of highly effective separation and purification, and stable operation in harsh environments. Examples are thin films of paladium alloy for H₂, mixed conducting oxides for O₂, amorphous silica for CO₂ and zeolites for hydro-carbons, and meso-porous titania for water purification. However, compared to organic membranes, large-scale production of inorganic membranes requires improvements in reproducibility and cost processes. This short overview provides terminology, concepts, and important criteria for performance, stability, reproducibility, and cost of supported inorganic membranes. Also discussed are possible approaches to address the challenges, and examples for designing gas separation and water purification.     

Frequency response of continuous-flow adsorber for multicomponent system

In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the frequency response of a continuous-flow adsorber with periodic modulation of the inlet flow-rate to measure multicomponent diffusion kinetics in porous media. Micropore diffusion kinetics is assumed for the intraparticle mass transfer mechanism and three different shapes of microparticle are considered: slab, cylinder, and sphere. Simulation results for a binary system show that the frequency response of the faster diffusing component is strongly influenced by the slower component. The out-of-phase characteristic function of the frequency response of the faster diffusing component shows maximum and minimum points. The deviation between these maximum and minimum values becomes smaller when the cross-terms of diffusivity go to zero, while the deviation becomes larger when the cross-terms of the adsorption equilibrium constant go to zero. Contrary to the behaviour of the out-of-phase function of the faster diffusing component, the out-of-phase function of the slower diffusing component shows no extrema at all. The in-phase characteristic function of the frequency response of the continuous-flow adsorber is not affected by the overflow parameter.     

Fabrication of a two-step Ni stamp for blind via hole application on PWB

This study examined imprint lithography with a two-step Ni stamp to solve the laser process problems and simultaneously form a blind via and layer pattern. The Ni stamp was fabricated by electroplating on a dry-etched Si mold, made from a SOI (silicon on insulator) wafer, and pattern replication. For the pattern transfer of the Ni stamp, hot embossing was performed on SU8-coated BT and Si wafer substrates. The residual layer was of a uniform thickness with an embossed shape of acceptable squareness.     

液压挤压对复合铸造Al3003/Al4004包覆材料显微组织的影响(英文)

研究液压对混合复合铸造Al 3003/Al 4004包覆材料微观组织变化的影响。复合铸造Al 3003/Al 4004包覆材料试样为圆形,由Al 3003(外部)和Al 4004(内部)材料组成。采用液压设备,在温度423 K、挤压比5的条件下制造试样。在挤压之前,Al 4004材料的直径为80 mm,Al 3003材料的厚度为35 mm,在挤压后,2种材料的直径和厚度分别为30 mm和5 mm。研究了2个试样的微观组织和硬度。在挤压之前,复合铸造Al 3003/Al 4004包覆材料横截面的硬度以抛物线的形式向中心增大。然而,在挤压后,Al 4004材料的硬度几乎没有变化。在挤压之前,Al 3003和Al 4004材料的界面存在大量直径超过1 mm的大空洞,这些大空洞随着液压过程的进行而消失。     

Frequency response of the adsorption vessel loaded with inert core adsorbents

An analytical solution for the frequency response of a semi-batch adsorption vessel with sinusoidal modulation of molar flow rate, loaded with inert core adsorbents is obtained for a linear isotherm coupled with intraparticle diffusion and external film diffusion. The low-frequency limiting values of the in-phase and the out-of-phase characteristic functions of the frequency response are found to be explicit functions of the size of the inert core and the external mass transfer parameter. Simulation results of the in-phase and the out-of-phase characteristic functions show that there exist a crossover frequency and overshoot of the in-phase characteristic function when external mass transfer resistance is present.     

Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Impairment in the C57BL/6 Mice Model

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the causative factors in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hydrogen (H₂) gas inhalation in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in the C57BL/6 mice. First, mice were divided into the following groups: mice without TMT injection (NC), TMT-only injection group (TMT only), TMT injection + lithium chloride-treated group as a positive control (PC), and TMT injection + 2% H₂ inhalation-treated group (H₂). The TMT injection groups were administered a single dosage of intraperitoneal TMT injection (2.6 mg/kg body weight) and the H₂ group was treated with 2% H₂ for 30 min once a day for four weeks. Additionally, a behavioral test was performed with Y-maze to test the cognitive abilities of the mice. Furthermore, multiple OS- and AD-related biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), calcium (Ca²⁺), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, inflammatory cytokines, apolipoprotein E (Apo-E), amyloid β (Aβ)-40, phospho-tau (p-tau), Bcl-2, and Bcl-2- associated X (Bax) were investigated in the blood and brain. Our results demonstrated that TMT exposure alters seizure and spatial recognition memory. However, after H₂ treatment, memory deficits were ameliorated. H₂ treatment also decreased AD-related biomarkers, such as Apo-E, Aβ-40, p-tau, and Bax and OS markers such as ROS, NO, Ca²⁺, and MDA in both serum and brain. In contrast, catalase and GPx activities were significantly increased in the TMT-only group and decreased after H₂ gas treatment in serum and brain. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were found to be significantly decreased after H₂ treatment in both serum and brain lysates. In contrast, Bcl-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels were found to be enhanced after H₂ treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrated that 2% H₂ gas inhalation in TMT-treated mice exhibits memory enhancing activity and decreases the AD, OS, and inflammatory-related markers. Therefore, H₂ might be a candidate for repairing neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive dysfunction. However, further mechanistic studies are needed to fully clarify the effects of H₂ inhalation on TMT-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.     

Dynamic behavior of cracked pipe conveying fluid with moving mass based on timoshenko beam theory

In this paper we studied about the effect of the open crack and the moving mass on the dynamic behavior of simply supported pipe conveying fluid. The equation of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equation and analyzed by numerical method. The crack section is represented by a local flexibility matrix connecting two undamaged pipe segments i.e. the crack is modeled as a rotational spring. The influences of the crack severity, the position of the crack, the moving mass and its velocity, the velocity of fluid, and the coupling of these factors on the vibration mode, the frequency, and the mid-span displacement of the simply supported pipe are depicted.     

Free vibration analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beam with double cracks

In this paper, the influence of two open cracks on the dynamic behavior of a double cracked simply supported beam is investigated both analytically and experimentally. The equation of motion is derived by using the Hamilton’s principle and analyzed by numerical method. The simply supported beam is modeled by the Euler-Bemoulli beam theory. The crack sections are represented by a local flexibility matrix connecting three undamaged beam segments. The influences of the crack depth and the position of each crack on the vibration mode and the natural frequencies of a simply supported beam are analytically clarified for the single and double cracked simply supported beam. The theoretical results are also validated by a comparison with experimental measurements.