Novel approaches to purifying bacteriocin: A review

ABSTRACT

Bacteriocin is a proteinaceous biomolecule produced by bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) that exhibits antimicrobial activity against closely related species, and food-borne pathogens. It has recently gained importance and attracted the attention of several researchers looking to produce it from various substrates and bacterial strains. This ushers in a new era of food preservation where the use of bacteriocin in food products will be an alternative to chemical preservatives, and heat treatment which are understood to cause unwanted side effects, and reduce sensory and nutritional quality. However, this new market depends on the success of novel downstream separation schemes from various types of crude feedstocks which are both effective and economic. This review focuses on the downstream separation of bacteriocin from various sources using both conventional and novel techniques. Finally, recommendations for future interesting areas of research that need to be pursued are highlighted.     

聚乙二醇-三聚氰胺甲醛和聚乙烯醇半互穿网络的构建及表征

为提高三聚氰胺甲醛(MF)树脂制品的柔韧性,以聚乙二醇接枝三聚氰胺(M-PEG)替代部分三聚氰胺,并与甲醛、聚乙烯醇(PVA)在碱性条件下合成了聚乙二醇-三聚氰胺甲醛(PEG-MF)与PVA的半互穿聚合物网络体系(SemiIPN)。采用红外光谱、拉曼光谱、热重分析、差示扫描量热法等手段对Semi-IPN的微观结构进行了剖析,并分析了PEG、PVA等柔性链段对Semi-IPN黏度、游离甲醛含量、柔韧性等性能的影响。结果表明,PVA作为线型结构贯穿于聚乙二醇-三聚氰胺甲醛树脂交联网络体系结构中,形成了半互穿网络结构;所形成的Semi-IPN的热分解温度比MF树脂降低了60℃左右;Semi-IPN的韧性比纯MF树脂提高了800%,最高可达到19.700kJ/m2。     

Achieving Rich and Active Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Heterostructures via Interface Engineering on 2D 1T‐MoS2 Quantum Sheets

Large‐scale production of hydrogen from water‐alkali electrolyzers is impeded by the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. The hybridization of an acid‐active HER catalyst with a cocatalyst at the nanoscale helps boost HER kinetics in alkaline media. Here, it is demonstrated that 1T–MoS₂ nanosheet edges (instead of basal planes) decorated by metal hydroxides form highly active ${\text{edge}}_{{\text{1T‐MoS}}_{\text{2}}}$/ ${\text{edge}}_{\text{Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{\text{2}}}$ heterostructures, which significantly enhance HER performance in alkaline media. Featured with rich ${\text{edge}}_{{\text{1T‐MoS}}_{\text{2}}}$/ ${\text{edge}}_{\text{Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{\text{2}}}$ sites, the fabricated 1T–MoS₂ QS/Ni(OH)₂ hybrid (quantum sized 1T–MoS₂ sheets decorated with Ni(OH)₂ via interface engineering) only requires overpotentials of 57 and 112 mV to drive HER current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm^?2, respectively, and has a low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec^?1 in 1 m KOH. So far, this is the best performance for MoS₂‐based electrocatalysts and the 1T–MoS₂ QS/Ni(OH)₂ hybrid is among the best‐performing non‐Pt alkaline HER electrocatalysts known. The HER process is durable for 100 h at current densities up to 500 mA cm^?2. This work not only provides an active, cost‐effective, and robust alkaline HER electrocatalyst, but also demonstrates a design strategy for preparing high‐performance catalysts based on edge‐rich 2D quantum sheets for other catalytic reactions.     

Analysis of a two-dimensional symmetric problem on extension of an Al-polyimide-Cu layered structure with a model crack

To increase the efficiency of designing systems intended for monitoring surface cracks in aluminum structures during their working life, we have analyzed a two-dimensional symmetric problem on uniaxial extension of an Al-polyimide-Cu layered structure with ideal adhesion between layers and a model crack in the aluminum base. The problem has been first solved for a sample with the crack modeled by a zero-thickness notch using the ANSYS engineering simulation program package. It is shown that this setting of the problem can lead to inadequate results as manifested, in particular, by significantly overstated mechanical stresses in aluminum in the region of crack emergence on the surface. In order to eliminate this difficulty, we propose to use the structure with a model defect in the form of a notch of nonzero thickness in the initial unstressed state of the structure. Recommendations for selecting the thickness of a notch used in the model structure are given.

     

Simple Sequence Repeat Markers in Genetic Divergence and Marker-Assisted Selection of Rice Cultivars: A Review

Sequencing of rice genome has facilitated the understanding of rice evolution and has been utilized extensively for mining of DNA markers to facilitate marker-assisted breeding. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are tandemly repeated nucleotide sequence motifs flanked by unique sequences are presently the maker of choice in rice improvement due to their abundance, co-dominant inheritance, high levels of allelic diversity, and simple reproducible assay. The current level of genome coverage by SSR markers in rice is sufficient to employ them for genotype identification and marker-assisted selection in breeding for mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci analysis. This review provides comprehensive information on the mapping and applications of SSR markers in investigation of rice cultivars to study their genetic divergence and marker-assisted selection of important agronomic traits.