Potentiall of Ferulic Acid as a Precursor to Off-Flavors in Stored Orange Juice

The hypothesis that free ferulic acid in stored orange juice contributes to the objectional aroma of p-vinyl guaiacol (PVG) was tested. Single-strength orange juice (SSOJ) contained 185 μg/L free ferulic acid which increased to 316 μg/L after pasteurization. Commercial samples of SSOJ contained 3.7mg/L free ferulic when incubated at 35°C for 28 days; incubation at 50°C, resulted in 9.5 mg/L, while samples kept at 4°C contained 2.9 mg/L. Simultaneously, PVG content in SSOJ increased by 2-(35°C) to 3-(50°C) fold, while addition of ferulic acid accelerated formation of PVG. Inclusion of orange juice with added ferulic acid, produced a less acceptable aroma (laboratory taste panel) than juice incubated without added ferulic acid.     

Novel quaternary ammonium salts derived from triglycerides and their application in skin and hair products

An investigation has been carried out into the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts of triglycerides. The aim of this work was to produce such compounds without breaking the triglyceride skeleton. The reaction of chloracetyl chloride with the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid which is the major constituent (88–90%) of castor oil gave an intermediate derivative with pendant chloro groups. Quaternization with stearyl dimethylamine gave a 98% yield of a quaternary ammonium salt containing three quaternary groups per molecule. This reaction sequence overcame the steric hindrance problems encountered in unsuccessful attempts to quaternize halogen groups attached directly to the main chain. Using the same procedure, a quaternary salt was prepared from castor oil.
In skin care studies this quaternary was used at a low level in a moisturizing lotion. Subjective assessment of the ease of application of the test lotion versus control was significantly in favour of the test. Viscoelastic measurements of the skin were made using two techniques before and after application of the lotion. Both showed an advantage to the test lotion. No difference between the test and control lotions was found when sebum levels and transepidermal water loss measurements were measured. A C-12 quaternary synthesized from dimethyl-dodecylamine exhibited antimicrobial activity. An aqueous dispersion of the C-18 quaternary when applied to bleached hair in order to improve combing, gave excellent results showing superiority to four other commercially available quaternary ammonium salts.     

Room for a Newlywed Woman

Issues concerning sexuality and gender are rarely addressed in the discourse of modern Turkish architecture. Given the gendered associations of domesticity, the architecture of the house provides the most obvious context to explore these issues. In the early years of the Turkish Republic, images of the modern house and modern, secular women were actively promoted by the architects and intellectuals of the new nation-state. Representations of women, which abound in popular journals but end up dispersed between the lines in contemporaneous architectural texts, often escape critical scrutiny. In general, only the imaginary figure of an asexual "ideal Turkish woman" is allowed to have legitimate entry to the discourse on modern Turkish culture. Here, I focus on the figuration of woman in architectural discourse with particular emphasis on a domestic reference in a book by İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu, a leading intellectual of the period. I argue that by containing an inadvertent reference to the figure of woman, Baltacıoğlu's text both introduces sexuality and exposes the lack of the feminine element in architectural discourse.     

Evaluation of neopterin levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Neopterin is a diagnostic or a prognostic biomarker for several pathologies including renal diseases. However, the association between neopterin status and causative main reasons such as diabetes and hypertension for renal disease remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate neopterin levels in diabetes and hypertension patients treated with/without hemodialysis. According to primary renal disorders, the patients undergoing hemodialysis were classified into 4 groups as diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, reflux nephropathy or interstitial nephritis, and others. The controls consisted of healthy subjects, hypertensive subjects, and diabetic individuals without any renal disorder. In the study, both urinary and serum neopterin levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis therapy (n=71). The effects of the duration of hemodialysis and treatment of erythropoietin and/or iron on neopterin levels were also evaluated. Neopterin levels were found to be higher in hemodialysis patients than in the healthy controls (P<0.05). A significant difference in neopterin levels was also found between diabetic control patients and diabetic nephropathy patients (P<0.05). A similar significant difference was detected in neopterin levels between hypertensive patients with/without nephropathy (P<0.05). Neopterin may be an early critical marker for progression of nephropathy in diabetic and hypertensive patients in early stages.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATION SIGNALS IN DETECTION OF GEAR FAILURES USING WIGNER–VILLE DISTRIBUTION

Vibration analysis is widely used in machinery diagnostics and the Wigner–Ville distribution has also been implemented in many applications in the condition monitoring of machinery. In contrast to previous applications, this paper examines whether acoustic signal can be used effectively to detect the various local faults in gearboxes using the smoothed pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution. Three types of progressing local faults, broken tooth, gear crack and localised wear, were simulated. The results from acoustic signals were compared with vibration signals. The results suggest that acoustic signals are very affective for the early detection of faults and may provide a powerful tool to indicate the various types of progressing faults in gearboxes.