双超越离合器式电磁馈能阻尼器原型机试验测试与分析

在对双超越离合器式电磁馈能阻尼器的前期研究基础上,试制了该阻尼器的原型机,并对谐波激励下原型机的频谱响应特性和阻尼响应特性进行了分析。通过对原型机的测试,证明了该结构方案的可行性,同时还证实了利用转动惯量分力,在被动模式下实现"high-low"半主动阻尼方法的正确性,并为展开对双超越离合器结构的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Study of human–seat interface pressure distribution under vertical vibration

The influence of whole-body vertical vibration on the dynamic human–seat interface pressure is investigated using a flexible grid of pressure sensors. The ischium pressure and the overall pressure distribution at the human–seat interface are evaluated as functions of the magnitude and frequency of vibration excitation, and seated posture and height. The dynamic pressure at the seat surface is measured under sinusoidal vertical vibration of different magnitudes in the 1–10 Hz frequency range. Two methods based on ischium pressure and ischium force are proposed to study the influence of seat height, posture and characteristics of vibration. The results of the study reveal that the amplitude of dynamic pressure component increases with an increase in the excitation amplitude in almost entire frequency range considered in this study. The dynamic components of both the ischium pressure and the ischium force reveal peaks in the 4 to 5 Hz frequency band, the range of primary resonant frequency of the seated human body in the vertical mode. The mean values of the dynamic ischium pressure and the ischium force remain constant, irrespective of the excitation frequency and amplitude. The magnitudes of mean pressure and force at the human–seat interface, however, are dependent upon the seat height and the subject's posture. The inter-subject variability of the static ischium pressure and effective contact area are presented as functions of the subject weight and subject weight-to-height ratio. It was found that heavy subjects tend to induce low ischium pressure as a result of increased effective contact area.

Relevance to industry

Pressure distribution at the human–seat interface has been found to be an important factor affecting the seating comfort and work efficiency of various workers. The study of human–seat interface pressure distribution under vibration is specifically critical to the comfort, work efficiency and health of vehicle drivers, who are regularly exposed to vibration. The results reported in this paper will be useful to study dynamic response of the interface pressure and design vehicle seats.     

Stochastic analysis of nonlinear vehicle systems using a generalized harmonic linearization technique

The discrete harmonic linearization method which is applicable to stochastic systems could not provide an equivalent stiffness coefficient for a nonlinear restoring element. In this paper, this technique is generalized to obtain linear representations of both nonlinear restoring and damping elements, based on a principle of energy similarity of dynamic elements. A numerical iterative procedure is presented to compute the local linear coefficients of nonlinear dynamic elements. A nonlinear system is then represented by a set of its complex frequency response function matrices, as functions of the excitation frequency. Stochastic analysis of general multi-DOF nonlinear vehicle systems is established in terms of response PSD characteristics.     

Effect of machine failures in a multi-stage multi-facility and multi-product production-inventory system

A mathematical model for a multi-stage, multi-facility and multi-product production-inventory system is presented to study the effect of machine unreliability on the economic production quantity and total system cost. The production system considered here has multiple spindle and batch blocking facilities. A search method has been used for optimizing the batch sizes. The basic criterion considered for optimizing the batch sizes is the minimization of the total system cost. An example is presented to explain the behaviour and application of the model.     

Seated body apparent mass response to vertical whole body vibration: Gender and anthropometric effects

The gender and anthropometric effects on apparent mass characteristics of the seated body exposed to vertical vibration are investigated through laboratory measurements. The study was conducted on 31 male and 27 female subjects, exposed to three levels of vertical vibration (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m/s² rms acceleration) in the 0.50 to 20 frequency range, while seated without a back support and against a vertical back support. The apparent mass responses were analyzed by grouping datasets in three ranges of mass-, build- and stature-related parameters for the male and female subjects. Comparisons of responses of male and female subjects with comparable anthropometric properties showed distinctly different biodynamic responses of the two genders. The primary resonance frequency of male subjects was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the female subjects of comparable body mass but the peak magnitude was comparable for both the gender groups. The male subjects showed greater softening with increasing excitation magnitude compared to the female subjects, irrespective of the sitting condition. The male subjects showed significantly higher peak magnitude response than those of the female subjects for the same anthropometric properties, except for the total and lean body mass. The peak magnitude was linearly correlated with the body mass, body mass index, body fat and hip circumference (r² > 0.7), irrespective of the back support and excitation conditions for both the genders.Relevance to the industryThe apparent mass responses of the human body exposed to whole-body vibration form an essential basis for an understanding of mechanical-equivalent properties of the body, developments in frequency-weightings for assessment of exposure risks and anthropodynamic manikins for assessment of seats. The effects of gender and anthropometric parameters on the AM response are vital for seeking better seat designs, and anthropodynamic manikins for assessments of seating for male as well as female workers.     

Lot-sizing in a class of multistage production inventory systems

In this paper, a mathematical model for a multistage multifacility and multiproduct production inventory system is presented. The basic objective of the model is to determine the economic production quantity (EPQ) for each product-stage-facility combination by minimizing total system cost. The total system cost consists of the set-up cost and the in-process inventory carrying cost. A numerical example is solved to explain the model; a search method has been used for the optimization. The results obtained are compared with the simulation results to validate the mathematical model.     

Experimental characterization and modeling of rate-dependent hysteresis of a piezoceramic actuator

Laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the rate-dependent hysteresis properties of a piezoceramic actuator under harmonic, complex harmonic and triangular excitations in the 0.1–500 Hz frequency range. The measured data were analyzed to describe the major and minor hysteresis loops as functions of frequency, magnitude and bias of the input voltage. The results revealed considerably larger hysteresis loop width and lower displacement response amplitude under frequencies above 10 Hz. A rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model is developed for describing the rate-dependent hysteresis behaviour of the actuator. This model integrates rate-dependent play operator and density functions formulated on the basis of the rate of change of input and experimentally observed behaviors. The fundamental properties of the proposed rate-dependent play and stop hysteresis operators are also investigated. The model results attained under harmonic, complex harmonic and triangular inputs at different frequencies in the 0.1–500 Hz were compared with the corresponding experimental data to demonstrate model validity over the wide range of inputs. Very good agreements were observed between the model results and the measured data, irrespective of the type and frequency of excitation.     

Vibration attenuation performance of suspension seats for off-road forestry vehicles

Four different types of vertical suspension seats were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field in order to measure their adaptability for attenuating whole-body vibration in log skidders used in the forest industry. Laboratory testing first consisted of determining the static and dynamic characteristics of the seats such as the static stiffness of the cushions and suspension systems and the hysteresis parameters and damping properties of the cushions. The vibration attenuation characteristics of the seats were then measured using a laboratory test rig simulating a driver work station. The influence of amplitude of excitation and the variations in seat height on the vibration attenuation performance of the suspension seats was evaluated for sinusoidal excitations in the frequency range of 0.2–8.0 Hz. The seats were then field tested during normal skidding operations to determine their vertical transmissibility characteristics and to compare the vibration exposure that results from operating a skidder while being equipped with a suspended seat, as opposed to having an unsuspended one. There was generally good agreement between the transmissibility characteristics measured in the laboratory and in the field. The results of vibration transmissibility and exposure are helpful in identifying one of the suspension seats as being the most appropriate for attenuating vertical whole-body vibration on skidders, while conforming at the same time to the basic dimensional characteristics and stability required for safe operation of such vehicles.     

A method to develop a unified fatigue life prediction model for filled natural rubbers under uniaxial loads

Rubber components are widely used in many fields because of their superior elastic properties. Fatigue failures, commonly encountered in rubber components, however, remain a critical issue. In this study, the effect of strain ratio R on the fatigue life of filled natural rubbers used in automotive mounts is investigated experimentally and numerically. A uniaxial tension/compression fatigue experiment was conducted on dumb‐bell cylindrical rubber specimens subject to loads representing different R ratios. The experimental fatigue data are used to formulate two preliminary fatigue models based on peak strain and strain amplitude as the damage parameters. The deficiencies of these two models in predicting fatigue life over a wide range of R ratios are discussed, and an alternative life prediction model is proposed. The proposed model incorporates the effect of R ratio using an equivalent strain amplitude. It is shown that the proposed model could effectively predict fatigue life over a wide range of R ratios with an improved accuracy.