Colour extension properties of individual pigments and effects on shades of foundations in cake form

The mechanism of colour change during the pigment dispersion process and during powder application to the skin surface was studied by examining the colour extension properties of Yellow. Red , and Black iron oxides in white powder bases. A new measure for the evaluation of the degree of colour extension was devised. This measure corresponded well with human visual sensation, and was found to be useful for comparing the rates of colour extension of pigments. The rate of colour extension of pigments was found to vary in the order: Yellow acicular Red granular Red Black. This result explains colour darkening and the change towards reddish tones during the pigment dispersion process, because Yellow extends fully in the early stage of the process but Red , especially in granular form, and Black continue to extend even in the later stage. Acicular Red iron oxide is more favourably employed than the granular form to attain sufficient colour extension of foundations with lower energy expenditure, and to decrease the discrepancy between the cake colour and the colour of applied powder.
Le développement des oxydes de fer et effet sur les nuances des fonds de teint compacts     

An approach to a singular optimal control problem for non-linear systems using differential form theory

By applying differential form theory, we consider the singular control problem for non-linear systems with control variables appearing linearly in both the system dynamics and the performance index. First, we derive necessary conditions of singular optimality for a single-input system, including the relation to the Euler-Poisson equation and to the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition. Defining the degree of singularity, we develop necessary conditions satisfied by the singular trajectory embedded in a reduced space. For a time-invariant system, we clarify the relation between the dynamic and the related static optimality. Second, we derive necessary conditions for singular optimality for a multi-input system where the dimension of the control vector is equal to that of the state space. We show that the Shima-Sawaragi condition for the optimality of boundary controls and the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition are obtained from these conditions. The results are also applied to the analysis of a time-invariant system.     

ESTIMATION OF DAILY INTAKE OF FOUR KINDS OF TRIHALOMETHANE BY JAPANESE HOUSEWIVES

Duplicate portions of the daily meals consumed by 30 housewives were collected for 3 consecutive days in the cities of Nagoya and Yokohama in Japan.
Meals were analyzed for chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM) and bromoform by using a purge-trap procedure. The average concentration (and the range) of these four kinds of trihalomethane in each of the 24 h duplicate meals were, chloroform 19.6±18.1 ppb(n.d.-106.8 ppb), BDCM 0.3±0.3 ppb(n.d.-1.7 ppb), CDBM 0.1±0.2 ppb(n.d.-0.6 ppb) and bromoform 0.5±1.3 ppb(n.d.-8.1 ppb).
The mean daily dietary intake of the four kinds of trihalomethane by housewives were, chloroform 40.0±25.4 μg, BDCM 0.6±0.5 μg, CDBM 0.3±0.3 μg and bromoform 0.9±1.3 μg.     

基于涡流成像的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料细观结构可视化

对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）的细观结构成像方法进行了研究,利用涡流成像技术实现了CFRP层合板中纤维方向及纤维缺失、褶皱和空隙过大等缺陷的可视化。首先通过有限元仿真和电路理论分析了CFRP板中涡流的生成机制和分布特性,阐述了基于涡流法的CFRP细观结构成像机制。然后介绍了用于扫描成像的高频涡流检测（HF-ECT）实验系统并确定了涡流探头的形式及其参数。最后利用涡流成像技术分别对单层板、正交层合板和四方向斜交层合板进行了检测,绘制了涡流检测（ECT）信号的三维伪彩图并得到了清晰的纤维纹路分布。通过引入滤波去噪技术和二维快速傅里叶变换（2D-FFT）对图像进行进一步处理,提高了图像分辨率并完成了不同方向上纤维纹路的分离,从而实现对层合板每单向层中缺陷的精确定位。     

Influence of the microenvironment on gene and protein expression of odontogenic-like and osteogenic-like cells

Progenitor cells play an important biological role in tooth and bone formation, and previous analyses during bone and dentine induction have indicated that they may be a good alternative for tissue engineering. Thus, to clarify the influence of the microenvironment on protein and gene expression, MDPC23 cells (mouse dental papilla cell line) and KUSA/A1 cells (bone marrow stromal cell line) were used, both in vitro cell culture and in intra-abdominal diffusion chambers implanted in 4-week-old male immunodefficient mice (SCID mice). Our results indicate that KUSA/A1 cells differentiated into osteoblast-like cells and induced bone tissue inside the chamber, whereas, MDPC-23 showed odontoblast-like characteristics but with a low ability to induce dentin formation. This study shows that MDPC-23 cells are especial cells, which possess morphological and functional characteristics of odontoblast-like cells expressing dentin sialophosphoprotein in vivo. In contrast, dentin sialophosphoprotein gene and protein expression was not detected in both cell lines in vitro. The intra-abdominal diffusion chamber appears as an interesting experimental model for studying phenotypic expression of dental pulp cells in vivo.     

Economic Evaluation of Power System Flexibility by Commercial Air Conditioner Control with Large Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power could cause shortage of power system flexibility. Demand response is expected to help supply ancillary service instead of the conventional power plant. Commercial air conditioners are a promising responsive load for demand response because they account for a large proportion of power consumption in the power system. We calculate a system operation cost and hourly operation pattern of each power plant by using the optimal power generation model considering flexibility supply from controlling commercial air conditioner. We obtained the following results as an effect of commercial air conditioner control. (1) The power generation of oil fired power plants decreases at peak time and annual fuel cost of oil fired plant is reduced by approximately 30% at most in Kanto area. (2) The percentage of rated operation mode of LNG combined cycle plants increases. (3) Curtailed energy rate of PV decreases because a power storage amount by pumped hydropower generation increases. (4) Required battery capacity to reduce PV curtailed amount decreased by combining battery energy storage system in case of high penetration of PV.     

整合素构像改变途径的阐明

Integrins are a large family of cell surface glycoproteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.During the last 5 years,significant advances have been made in our understanding of the activation mechanism of integrins.     

EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS WITH 3-[(DIOCTYLAMINO)METHYL]ALIZARIN

3-[(Dioctylamino)methyl]alizarin (C₈AL), which is endowed with high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents through introduction of dioctylaminomethyl group into the alizarin nucleus was studied for extracting heavy metal ions such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II), from aqueous solution.Cu(II) was most readily extracted into chlorobenzene at low pH and thus was separated from other metal ions. The metal ions stabilized in alkaline solution in the presence of water-soluble chelating agents were found to be extracted by this, alizarin-type extraction agent into chlorobenzene with the assistance by lipophilic quaternary ammonium salt, Capriquat? (methyltrioctylammonium chloride, Q^?C1^?).The proton dissociation process of CRAL was studied, and the mechanism of these metal extractions was discussed.The separation of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from the mixture with other divalent metal ions was also studied.