The effect of trans-isomers on the physical properties of hydrogenated oils

Data have been presented which indicate a positive relationship between thetrans-isomer content of a hydrogenated oil and the congeal point, Wiley melting-point, and solids index. It has also been shown that cottonseed oil and soybean oil undergo substantially the same type of reaction under identical hydrogenating conditions. This conclusion is based on the relationship oftrans-isomer formation to total reduction in unsaturation up to the point that equilibrium is reached and saturation of thetrans-isomers occurs. This equilibrium was noted at between 60–70 iodine value. The relationship oftrans-isomer formation to the total reduction in double bonds can be expressed as the hydrogenation index. This is a reliable indication of the type of reaction taking place up to the point where appreciable hydrogenation of thetrans-isomers occur.     

Soot Particle Studies—Instrument Inter-Comparison—Project Overview

An inter-comparison study of instruments designed to measure the microphysical and optical properties of soot particles was completed. The following mass-based instruments were tested: Couette Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (CPMA), Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer—Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (AMS-SMPS), Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), Soot Particle-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) and Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (PAS2000CE). Optical instruments measured absorption (photoacoustic, interferometric, and filter-based), scattering (in situ), and extinction (light attenuation within an optical cavity). The study covered an experimental matrix consisting of 318 runs that systematically tested the performance of instruments across a range of parameters including: fuel equivalence ratio (1.8 ≤ φ ≤ 5), particle shape (mass-mobility exponent ( D _fm ), 2.0 ≤ D _fm ≤ 3.0), particle mobility size (30 ≤ d _m ≤ 300 nm), black carbon mass (0.07 ≤ m _BC ≤ 4.2 fg) and particle chemical composition. In selected runs, particles were coated with sulfuric acid or dioctyl sebacate (DOS) (0.5 ≤ Δ r _ve ≤ 201 nm) where Δ r _ve is the change in the volume equivalent radius due to the coating material. The effect of non-absorbing coatings on instrument response was determined. Changes in the morphology of fractal soot particles were monitored during coating and denuding processes and the effect of particle shape on instrument response was determined. The combination of optical and mass based measurements was used to determine the mass specific absorption coefficient for denuded soot particles. The single scattering albedo of the particles was also measured. An overview of the experiments and sample results are presented.     

Effects of ageing on defect structure in the Bi3NbO7–Bi3YO6 system

Ageing effects in the defect fluorite structure of Bi₃Nb_1−xY_xO_7−x have been studied using powder neutron diffraction. Two compositions at x = 0.4 and x = 0.6 were studied after annealing for prolonged times (400–500 h) at 410 and 550 °C. The results show that significant changes in oxide ion distribution occur at 550 °C, but that at 410 °C only the lower x-value composition exhibited such a change. A comparison of lattice parameter variation with temperature for annealed and unannealed samples suggests that at higher temperatures the oxide ion distribution is independent of thermal history.     

MC-ORACLE: A tool for predicting Soft Error Rate

Natural radiation is known to be a source of microelectronics failure. For instance, neutrons, protons, heavy ions, and alpha particles have all been implicated in the occurrence of soft errors in memory devices. To predict the reliability of electronics devices we developed a tool called MC-ORACLE. This Monte Carlo application is based on the common empirical soft error criterion for a critical charge deposited in a parallelepiped sensitive volume. MC-ORACLE is able to deal with complex structures composed of various materials. It provides single and multiple error cross sections as well as the soft error rate.     

Validity of the Wiener subtle and obvious scales for the MMPI: Another example of the importance of inventory-item content.

Conducted canonical variate analysis of MMPI scale T scores and factor scores derived from rating criteria from 2 independent patient samples containing 384 (mean age 26.3 yrs) and 400 (mean age 30.2 yrs) Ss. Results provided substantial evidence for the validity of the interpretive intent of the standard scales Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, and Hypomania (accounting for 28.5 and 25.7% of the criterion variance) and their obvious versions (30.4 and 34.9%), while providing little support (13.4 and 5.6%) for the interpretive intent of the subtle scales. Subtle scale elevation was inversely related to symptomatology on some nonrelated behavioral dimensions. Inclusion of an estimate of client defensiveness did not improve the predictive ability of the subtle scales. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Two-phase flow patterns in turbulent flow through a dose diffusion pipe

A numerical investigation is carried out for turbulent particle-laden flow through a dose diffusion pipe for a model reactor system. A Lagrangian stochastic Monte-Carlo particle-tracking approach and the averaged Reynolds equations with a k– turbulence model, with a two-layer zonal method in the boundary layer, are used for the disperse and continuous phases. The flow patterns coupled with the particle dynamics are predicted. It is observed that the coupling of the continuous phase with the particle dynamics is important in this case. It was found that the geometry of the throat significantly influences the particle distribution, flow patterns and length of the recirculation region. The accuracy of the simulations depends on the numerical prediction and correction of the fluid phase velocity during a characteristic time interval of the particles. A numerical solution strategy for the computation of two-way momentum coupled flow is discussed. The three test cases show different flow features in the formation of a recirculation region behind the throat. The method will be useful for the qualitative analysis of conceptual designs and their optimisation.     

ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF SUBSTRATE AND pH DEPENDENCE OF ENDOPROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN GREEN MALT*

The endoproteolytic enzymes of malt influence several different aspects of malt and beer quality. For this reason, we are extracting and characterizing these enzymes from green malt. The proteolytic activity of a Morex green malt extract was highest at pH 3.8 with haemoglobin substrate but gelatin hydrolysis was maximal from pH 4.7 to 6.0. Endoproteolytic hydrolysis of a 55% isopropanol-soluble reduced hordein fraction was about three times slower than gelatin hydrolysis but was relatively constant over the pH range from 3.8 to 6.5, although the activity did decrease at more acidic (3.0) or basic (7.0) pH values. To study the green malt proteinases in detail, a non-denaturing electrophoretic system was developed in which substrate proteins—either gelatin, edestin or hordein—were incorporated into an electrophoretic gel. After electrophoresis and incubation of the gels at pH 3.8, 4.7, 5.5, or 6.5 to allow enzymatic hydrolysis, the separated activities were determined by using protein staining to determine where the incorporated substrate had been hydrolysed. Using this system, seven proteolytic activity bands were detected. Five of the bands were maximally active at pH 3.8 and their activities dropped quickly as the pH increased. The other two bands, which migrated more slowly, hydrolysed gelatin more rapidly than they did the other substrates tested. Their gelatinolytic activities increased as the pH was raised (by 3- to 6-fold in the pH range tested). The electrophoretic system described has proven very useful for studying the proteinases of germinating barley seeds. The results indicate that much past research on malt proteinases may not be particularly relevant to the malting and brewing industries because it was conducted under pH conditions and with substrates that are likely quite different from those in the seed during the barley germination process. By using electrophoresis to separate proteinases before analysis, we can now study their individual characteristics and thus can conduct studies more relevant to malting and brewing.     

Design Considerations of a Direct Drive Brushless Machine With Concentrated Windings

This paper discusses the performance attributes of the open-slot, modular-wound, external-rotor, topology of electrical machine. Combinations of pole and slot numbers are presented for which the winding factor is maximal and torque ripple is minimal. An optimization of the magnetic circuit design of six promising pole-slot configurations is undertaken using a parametric finite element model (FEM) combined with a genetic algorithm (GA). These designs are benchmarked against a conventional 1.5 slots/pole external-rotor brushless dc machine. These candidate electrical machine versions are characterized by having the same external-rotor diameter, total slot area available for the winding and by equal volumes of permanent magnet (PM). Based on the analysis, the most promising motor structure was selected and a prototype wheel-hub motor has been built for application in a small electrical vehicle. Test data from the prototype is used to validate the findings of the initial analyses and practically demonstrate the attributes of the topology.