Use of Mechanically Separated Spleen in Frankfurters

Beef and pork frankfurters were produced with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of the meat block being mechanically separated spleen (MSS). No fatting or peelability problems were experienced. Frankfurters were held at 2°C and evaluated at 2-wk intervals for 6 wk. Consumer panelists rated all products acceptable. A bi-monthly laboratory taste panel evaluated all frank furters (except the 15% product) acceptable during storage. Allo-Kramer shear values decreased with increased MSS, Frankfurters with 5, 10, and 15% MSS had 2.2, 3.9, and 4.9 times more iron than the control, respectively. Level of MSS did not influence bacterial numbers.     

Comparing Homeowner Societies: Can we Construct an East-West Model?

Distinguishable patterns of mass homeownership have emerged across industrialised societies in recent decades, and have become increasingly central in comparative analyses of housing systems. This paper examines the nature of differences and similarities within and between two particular groups of societies where owner occupation dominates housing demand and policy systems, one constituted of English-speaking, Anglo-Saxon societies, and another of East Asian societies. The paper considers the potential of forming loose models based on core divergences in terms of systems, regimes and socio-ideological relationships. The aim is to further illustrate interactions between housing systems and welfare regimes in international contexts. Comparisons of housing and welfare elements are broadly related between societies, rather than quantitatively isolated, as systems are substantially variegated across the East Asian region. However, a loose system-model provides considerable insight into convergence within the group in regards to how housing systems have served a minimal social-welfare regime type.     

THE COMMUNITy AND SCHOOL DESEGREGATION: THE SEARCH FOR HOUSING MARKET EFFECTS

This paper attempts to measure the effect of a court-ordered desegregation plan on three aspects of the housing market in Dallas County, Texas. The indicators include sale price, number of sales, and proportion of home sales financed by conventional mortgages. Monthly data from 1969 to 1979 are analyzed using Box-Jenkins time series models. After best fit models are determined, various intervention terms are introduced into the models to assess the impact of both a 1975 Circuit Court Order and a 1976 District Court Order. The analysis suggests neither order had a measurable effect on the housing market in Dallas.     

Crystallization and Drying in Thin Sucrose Films During Panning

Sucrose crystallization in thin films (50–55 μm) was studied, using a videomicroscopy technique, at conditions encountered during hard panning processes. No nucleation occurred in unseeded films, while a linear increase in seeded crystals occurred during drying. Crystal growth rate increased with temperature (25–30°C) and with air velocity (2.4–12.5 m/sec), but did not change with varying sucrose concentrations (70–76% w/w) and relative humidities (0–66% at 30°C). FD & C Yellow No. 5 food coloring in the dye form (0.05–0.5 g/100 mL) showed no effects while similar concentrations in the lake form inhibited crystal growth rate.     

STAyING ALIVE: STREET TREE SURVIVAL IN THE INNER-CITy1

A study was conducted from 1978 to late 1984 of the survival of inner-city street trees planted by the Oakland, California urban forestry program. The tree survival rate of approximately 60 to 70 percent from the trees planted in neighborhood parkways through urban forestry sponsored block parties contrasted sharply with less than one percent survival of trees planted earlier by the Model Cities program without community participation or ceremonial plantings. Explanations for the high tree survival were tested using participant observation, interviews with residents, and a small panel. Tree survival was not found to be related to the explanations provided by urban forestry ideology; namely, that residents had been educated to hold both instrumental and expressive values toward trees. Rather, the explanation appeared to be the function of an unintended solution to the issue of parkway ownership. The tree planting process which included species selection meetings and tree planting ceremonies tended to define the parkway trees as a resident's property, thus decreasing the significance of the parkway-property barrier. The generality of the Oakland illustration is discussed.     

CHARACTERISATION OF PATTERNS OF CHEWING BEHAVIOUR IN HUMAN SUBJECTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TEXTURE PERCEPTION

Electromyography was used as a noninvasive and unobtrusive technique to characterise chewing patterns for a range of foods. Differences between subjects for a variety of aspects of chewing sequence are recorded for a range of foods (carrot, apple, roast pork, salami, biscuit and toast). Identifiable subgroups of subjects differing in chewing behaviour existed within the random sample of 52 dentate subjects. The five subgroups accounted for 52%, 21%, 11%, 10% and 6% of the sample population. Major discriminating factors between the behavioural groups lie in their chewing time and the muscle work rate during chewing. Sensory ratings for firmness and rubberiness of model foods differed significantly between the subjects exhibiting different chewing behaviours. Chewing behaviour may influence consumers' perceptions about the texture of a food.     

Immobilized α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis: a potential enzymic time—temperature integrator for thermal processing

Biphasic and nth-order models were tested as to their usefulness to fit experimental inactivation data of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase, immobilized on glass beads, and were discussed with respect to their suitability to characterize the considered enzymic system as a time—temperature integrator (TTI) to evaluate heat processes. Both isothermal and non-isothermal inactivation experiments were carried out. Model (kinetic) parameters (rate constant k, activation energy E_A and reaction order n) were estimated using a non-linear regression procedure. The results obtained, especially the activation energy of about 293 kJ mole^–1, indicated a potential use of this system as a TTI for heating processes in the temperature range of 96–108°C.