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1.
2.
Neural crest cells are motile and mitotic, whereas their neuronal derivatives are terminally post-mitotic and consist of stationary cell body from which processes grow. The present study documents changes in the cytoskeleton that occur during neurogenesis in cultures of avain neural crest cells. The undifferentiated neural crest cells contain dense bundles of actin filaments throughout their cytoplasm, and a splayed array of microtubules attached to the centrosome. In newly differentiating neurons, the actin bundles are disrupted and most of the remaining actin filaments are reorganized into a cortical layer underlying the plasma membrane of the cell body and processes. Microtubules are more abundant in newly-differentiating neurons than in the undifferentiated cells, and individual microtubules can be seen dissociated from the centrosome. Neuron-specific beta-III tubulin appears in some crest cells prior to cessation of motility and cell division, and expression increases with total microtubule levels during neurogenesis. To investigate how these early cytoskeletal changes might contribute to alterations in morphology during neurogenesis, we have disrupted the cytoskeleton with pharmacologic agents. Microfilament disruption by cytochalasin immediately arrests the movement of neural crest cells and causes them to round-up, but does not significantly change the morphology of the immature neurons. Microtubule depolymerization by nocodazole slows the movement of undifferentiated cells and causes retraction of processes extended by the immature neurons. These results suggest that changes in the actin and microtubule arrays within neural crest cells govern distinct aspects of their morphogenesis into neurons. 相似文献
3.
TJ Babineau W Swails Bollinger RA Forse BR Bistrian 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,228(5):701-706
Background electrolyte (BGE) systems with two coions are frequently used in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), especially in cases where indirect optical detection is employed. This study investigates the behavior of analytes, which possess mobilities intermediate to those of the BGE coions used. Besides the expected behavior, where the analytes provide either tailing or fronting zones, unusual behavior with extraordinary zone broadening is also observed in some cases. The explanation for this effect is that binary BGE systems involve, as a physico-chemical rule, a region where the analytes are forced by one coion to give tailing zones and simultaneously by the other coion to give fronting zones. The result of this "schizophrenic" situation is extraordinary zone broadening and deterioration of the detection record. A series of experiments is presented showing in a telling way the electromigration behavior of the discussed type of zones as well as the ways to remedy the deterioration of the peak shape by a mere slight changing of the quantitative composition of the BGE used. 相似文献
4.
Non-heme Fe(IV)-oxo intermediates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
High-valent non-heme iron-oxo intermediates have been proposed for decades as the key intermediates in numerous biological oxidation reactions. In the past three years, the first direct characterization of such intermediates has been provided by studies of several alphaKG-dependent oxygenases that catalyze either hydroxylation or halogenation of their substrates. In each case, the Fe(IV)-oxo intermediate is implicated in cleavage of the aliphatic C-H bond to initiate hydroxylation or halogenation. The observation of non-heme Fe(IV)-oxo intermediates and Fe(II)-containing product(s) complexes with almost identical spectroscopic parameters in the reactions of two distantly related alphaKG-dependent hydroxylases suggests that members of this subfamily follow a conserved mechanism for substrate hydroxylation. In contrast, for the alphaKG-dependent non-heme iron halogenase, CytC3, two distinct Fe(IV) complexes form and decay together, suggesting that they are in rapid equilibrium. The existence of two distinct conformers of the Fe site may be the key factor accounting for the divergence of the halogenase reaction from the more usual hydroxylation pathway after C-H bond cleavage. Distinct transformations catalyzed by other mononuclear non-heme enzymes are likely also to involve initial C-H bond cleavage by Fe(IV)-oxo complexes, followed by diverging reactivities of the resulting Fe(III)-hydroxo/substrate radical intermediates. 相似文献
5.
J. A. Clayhold O. Pelleg D. C. Ingram A. T. Bollinger G. Logvenov D. W. Rench B. M. Kerns M. D. Schroer R. J. Sundling I. Bozovic 《Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism》2010,23(3):339-342
Precise measurements of the temperature dependence of additional resistivity caused by defect scattering were used to constrain
models of carrier transport in La1.84Sr0.16CuO4. Where previous magnetotransport studies have delineated two distinct scattering processes, proportional to T and T
2, respectively, the new defect scattering results suggest strongly that the two processes act as parallel conductance channels. 相似文献
6.
I read an article proposing that software engineering is an attempt to merge two opposing themes. Paraphrasing a bit, I would call the first theme a discipline of completeness; the second is freedom of creation. The two disciplines are overviewed. The discipline of completeness is a willingness and ability to search for and deal not just with every conceivable mode of failure but with as many inconceivable modes as you can find through exploration and testing. The opposing theme is freedom of creation, as in: If you are not a highly creative person, why in the world are you writing software?. 相似文献
7.
Dynamic Errors in Type 1 Contouring Systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Poo Aun-Neow Bollinger John G. Younkin George W. 《Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on》1972,(4):477-484
The general nature of contouring errors experienced in type 1 servo systems as a result of command contours is described. Both transient and steady-state errors are discussed. A significant result illustrates that contouring error is essentially a result of mismatched gains in the servo drives and the contour. The relative significance of errors associated with a mismatch in time constants, modeling technique employed, and magnitude of velocity gains is discussed. 相似文献
8.
As(V) retention and As(III) simultaneous oxidation and removal on a MnO2-loaded polystyrene resin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lenoble V Laclautre C Serpaud B Deluchat V Bollinger JC 《The Science of the total environment》2004,326(1-3):197-207
Based on KMnO4 oxidative capacity, a polystyrene matrix loaded with manganese dioxide was synthesized from an anionic commercial resin in chloride form. This medium, called R-MnO2, was tested for As(V) retention and for As(III) simultaneous oxidation and removal. Equilibrium was reached in 2 h and isotherms showed that R-MnO2 maximal capacities towards As(III) and As(V) are, respectively, 0.7 and 0.3 mmol/g. Various mechanisms were involved in As(III) retention: oxidation of H3AsO3(0) by MnO2(s) leading to the formation of HAsO4(2)- and Mn2+, fixation of As(V) formed on the resin beads and precipitation of Mn3(AsO4)2 with Mn2+ released. Successive arsenic desorption and retention steps were performed and showed that the quantity desorbed was low compared to the quantity removed during the first stage of the process. A second removal step, carried out under the same conditions as the first one, proved that the matrix second-removal capacity was weak. This solid sorbent, although not reusable, can be considered in field application as arsenic retention is really strong. 相似文献
9.
D. B. Sullivan J. C. Bergquist J. J. Bollinger R. E. Drullinger W. M. Itano S. R. Jefferts W. D. Lee D. Meekhof T. E. Parker F. L. Walls D. J. Wineland 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2001,106(1):47-63
The development of atomic frequency standards at NIST is discussed and three of the key frequency-standard technologies of the current era are described. For each of these technologies, the most recent NIST implementation of the particular type of standard is described in greater detail. The best relative standard uncertainty achieved to date for a NIST frequency standard is 1.5×10−15. The uncertainties of the most recent NIST standards are displayed relative to the uncertainties of atomic frequency standards of several other countries. 相似文献
10.