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排序方式: 共有352条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Mika Kemppainen Iikka Virkkunen Jorma Pitknen Raimo Paussu Hannu Hnninen 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》2003,224(1):105-117
One of the key issues in in-service inspection qualification is the representativeness of the defects used in qualification specimens. The best representativeness is achieved with realistic defects. However, present specimen production techniques have some significant weaknesses, such as unrealistic defects or additional alterations induced in the surrounding material. Specimens manufactured, for example, by weld implantation or with weld solidification defects always result in one or more extra weld interfaces. These interfaces can be detected by NDT. To overcome problems with the current specimens, a new defect manufacturing technique was developed. The new technique produces natural, representative defects without introducing additional weld metal or other unwanted alterations to the specimen.The new method enables artificial production of single, separate fatigue cracks by thermal loading. The method is based on a natural thermal fatigue damage mechanism and enables production of real cracks directly into the samples. Cracks are produced without welding or machining and without any preliminary surface treatment or artificial initiator such as a notch or a precrack. Single crack or a network of cracks can be induced into the base material, welded areas, HAZ, weld claddings, threaded areas, T-joints, etc. The location, orientation and size of produced cracks can be accurately controlled. Produced cracks can be used to simulate different types of service-induced cracks such as thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue and stress corrosion cracks. It is shown that artificially produced thermal fatigue cracks correspond well with the real, service-induced cracks and overcome the problems of traditional qualification specimen manufacturing techniques. 相似文献
2.
Wood inspection with non-supervised clustering 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Abstract. The appearance of sawn timber has huge natural variations that the human inspector easily compensates for mentally when determining
the types of defects and the grade of each board. However, for automatic wood inspection systems these variations are a major
source for complication. This makes it difficult to use textbook methodologies for visual inspection. These methodologies
generally aim at systems that are trained in a supervised manner with samples of defects and good material, but selecting
and labeling the samples is an error-prone process that limits the accuracy that can be achieved. We present a non-supervised
clustering-based approach for detecting and recognizing defects in lumber boards. A key idea is to employ a self-organizing
map (SOM) for discriminating between sound wood and defects. Human involvement needed for training is minimal. The approach
has been tested with color images of lumber boards, and the achieved false detection and error escape rates are low. The approach
also provides a self-intuitive visual user interface.
Received: 16 December 2000 / Accepted: 8 December 2001
Correspondence to: O. Silvén 相似文献
3.
The change in the internal energy during uniaxial tensile deformation of austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) was determined by measuring the extent of γ→α'‐martensite transformation and the temperature increase of the samples. From the results the fraction of the stored energy of cold work and the free energy change related to the strain‐induced γ→α'‐martensite transformation were determined. The fraction of stored energy varied around 0.4. With the metastable steel grades the free energy change related to the γ→α'‐martensite transformation was found to vary between ‐98 MJ/m3 and ‐206 MJ/m3 depending on the austenite stability of the steel. Furthermore, the magnitude of the mechanical driving force was estimated by comparing the results with the free energy change of thermally induced transformation. 相似文献
4.
Ilkka Kuorinka Hannu Alaranta Ilkka Erich 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》1995,15(6):437-446
During the years 1986–1989 The Finnish Work Environment Fund initiated a multicenter, intervention study (programme) to prevent musculoskeletal disorders at work. The programme consisted of four different projects comprising methodological, epidemiological, and interventive themes. The main results were as follows: (1) More than half of the occupational physiotherapists and physicians involved in the project felt that they did not have adequate training for testing the performance capacity of the musculoskeletal system. Several of the most commonly used musculoskeletal tests had either poor validity in predicting future musculoskeletal troubles or had poor reliability. (2) A controlled intervention study showed that active training of neck-shoulder muscles can prevent musculoskeletal troubles, even more than ergonomic actions. (3) It is possible to reduce sick-leave due to low-back disorders by intervention measures directed toward both the work (environment, tools) and the workers (working methods, positive attitude to work, preparedness to keep fit). (4) The identification of ergonomic hazards with the help of teamwork proved to be feasible. The practical improvements, however, were difficult to implement in the prevailing conditions. Some of the improvements increased the work load and the stress of the workers. This aspect needs further consideration. 相似文献
5.
Kurt Westerlund M.Sc. Hannu Holopainen M.Sc. Kim Westerlund M.Sc. 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》1992,44(9):46-49
The availability of a smelter’s gas handling systems is crucial to the profitability of the plant. In new projects, the best technical and economic result is achieved if the gas handling systems are integrated into the process. This integration requires close cooperation between the smelter process designer and the gas handling designer. In modernization projects, environmentally, economically, and technically feasible solutions can be found, and smelter productivity can be increased when imagination and new technology are applied. 相似文献
6.
Chaudhuri Probal Ghosh Anil K. Oja Hannu 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》2009,31(7):1153-1164
Parametric methods of classification assume specific parametric models for competing population densities (e.g., Gaussian population densities can lead to linear and quadratic discriminant analysis) and they work well when these model assumptions are valid. Violation in one or more of these parametric model assumptions often leads to a poor classifier. On the other hand, nonparametric classifiers (e.g., nearest-neighbor and kernel-based classifiers) are more flexible and free from parametric model assumptions. But, the statistical instability of these classifiers may lead to poor performance when we have small numbers of training sample observations. Nonparametric methods, however, do not use any parametric structure of population densities. Therefore, even when one has some additional information about population densities, that important information is not used to modify the nonparametric classification rule. This paper makes an attempt to overcome these limitations of parametric and nonparametric approaches and combines their strengths to develop some hybrid classification methods. We use some simulated examples and benchmark data sets to examine the performance of these hybrid discriminant analysis tools. Asymptotic results on their misclassification rates have been derived under appropriate regularity conditions. 相似文献
7.
Thomas Canhao XuAuthor Vitae Alexander Wei YinAuthor Vitae Pasi LiljebergAuthor Vitae Hannu TenhunenAuthor Vitae 《Microprocessors and Microsystems》2011,35(7):603-612
In this paper, we implement, analyze and compare different Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures aiming at higher efficiencies for MPEG-4/H.264 coding. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) NoCs based on Non-Uniform Cache Access (NUCA) are analyzed. We present results using a full system simulator with realistic workloads. Experiments show the average network latencies in two 3D NoCs are reduced by 28% and 34% respectively, comparing with 2D design. It is also shown that heat dissipation is a trade-off in improving performance of 3D chips. Our analysis and experiment results provide a guideline to design efficient 3D NoCs for data parallel H.264 coding applications. 相似文献
8.
Juho Talonen Hannu Hänninen Pertti Nenonen Gersom Pape 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2005,36(2):421-432
The effect of strain rate on strain-induced γ → α′-martensite transformation and mechanical behavior of austenitic stainless steel grades EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) and EN 1.4301
(AISI 304) was studied at strain rates ranging between 3×10−4 and 200 s−1. The most important effect of the strain rate was found to be the adiabatic heating that suppresses the strain-induced γ → α′ transformation. A correlation between the work-hardening rate and the rate of γ → α′ transformation was found. Therefore, the changes in the extent of the α′-martensite formation strongly affected the work-hardening rate and the ultimate tensile strength of the materials. Changes
in the martensite formation and work-hardening rate affected also the ductility of the studied steels. Furthermore, it was
shown that the square root of the α′-martensite fraction is a linear function of flow stress. This indicates that the formation of α′-martensite affects the stress by influencing the dislocation density of the austenite phase. Olson-Cohen analysis of the
martensite measurement results did not indicate any effect of strain rate on shear band formation, which was contrary to the
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations. The β parameter decreased with increasing strain rate, which indicates a decrease in the chemical driving force of the α → α′ transformation. 相似文献
9.
采用三步分离法,其中第一步用水,第二步用乙酸铵,第三步用盐酸,提取纸浆发电厂生物质飞灰和底灰的组分,以评估这些残渣的浸出行为。除了Mo、S、Na以及那些浓度低于检测范围的元素外,在这两种灰份中,对于其他元素这三种浸出剂的浸出能力从弱到强的顺序为:水、乙酸铵和盐酸。采用三步分离法处理的废渣中元素浓度比前期用BCR连续提取法得到的低。 相似文献
10.
Hannu Nurmi 《控制论与系统》2013,44(2):35-50
Abstract This paper is an attempt to present an overview of the various meanings in which the concept of model is being employed in scientific literature. Particular emphasis is laid upon systems models and their characteristic features from the viewpoint of social science applications. The criteria of models in the pursuit of such classic goals as explanation and prediction are discussed. It turns out that the criteria of goodness of models should be different in explanation, prediction and action (or policy-making). It is argued that the organizational aspects of models deserve a careful attention because much of what is known about social reality is related to organization. Furthermore, most of what can be done about social reality is concerned with the component coupling structure of systems. Some illustrations from the social science literature are discussed in order to support the arguments of the paper. 相似文献