Sea-air flux of CO2 in the Caribbean Sea estimated using in situ and remote sensing data

Empirical relationships between sea surface carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO₂^sw) and sea surface temperature (SST) were applied to datasets of remotely sensed SST to create fCO₂^sw fields in the Caribbean Sea. SST datasets from different sensors were used, as well as the SST fields created by optimum interpolation of bias corrected AVHRR data. Empirical relationships were derived using shipboard fCO₂^sw data, in situ SST data, and SST data from the remote sensing platforms. The results show that the application of a relationship based on shipboard SST data, on fields of remotely sensed SST yields biased fCO₂^sw values. This bias is reduced if the fCO₂^sw-SST relationships are derived using the same SST data that are used to create the SST fields. The fCO₂^sw fields found to best reproduce observed fCO₂^sw are used in combination with wind speed data from QuikSCAT to create weekly maps of the sea-air CO₂ flux in the Caribbean Sea in 2002. The region to the SW of Cuba was a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere throughout 2002, and the region to the NE was a sink during winter and spring and a source during summer and fall. The net uptake of CO₂ in the region was doubled when potential skin layer effects on fCO₂^sw were taken into account.     

Infrared studies of the interaction of carbon monoxide and dinitrogen with ferrisilicate MFI-type zeolites

Fourier transform IR spectroscopy of CO and N₂, adsorbed at liquid nitrogen temperature, was used to characterize an MFI-type H-FeZSM-5 ferrisilicate which was synthesized with a Si/Fe ratio of 50. Thermal treatment of this material at 773 and 973 K was performed in order to follow formation of extraframework species. On samples fired at 773 K Brønsted acid sites were present which gave an O-H stretching band at 3630 cm^–1. These hydroxyl groups formed adducts with both probe molecules, which were monitored by the corresponding bathochromic shift, . Corresponding values for adsorbed CO and N₂ were = –270 and = – 100, respectively. Increasing the firing temperature up to 973 K led to complete removal of iron from the zeolite framework, and consequent disappearance of Brønsted acidity. In this process, extraframework iron oxide species were formed which were also characterized by IR spectroscopy of the adsorbed probe molecules. Both CO and N₂ gave Lewis-type adducts with coordinatively unsaturated Fe³⁺ ions present in the extraframework material. A comparison is made with results of a previous study on the H-GaZSM-5 isomorph.     

Restricted randomization and multiple responses in industrial experiments

Two issues regarding designed experiments are discussed; restrictions on randomization and multiple responses. The former is typically related to hard‐to‐vary factors and factors appearing in separate stages of a process experiment. Randomization restrictions should be taken into account in the construction of the design as well as in the statistical modelling. In the paper, a case study of sausage production is discussed, having a split‐plot model with correlated multiple responses. Multiple responses are handled in two ways, by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by ANOVA of the principal components, and by a newly developed alternative, the ‘50–50 MANOVA’. Multiple tests of correlated response variables are also described. Practical aspects of the planning, performing, response measurements, and statistical analysis are emphasized throughout. Hence, the paper aims to extend the utility of statistical methods in industry by linking design of experiments to multivariate analysis of the responses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-User Relaying of High-Rate Space–Time Code in Cooperative Networks

In this paper, we propose high-rate space–time coding for cooperative wireless networks to reduce the overall delay incurred in relaying signals to multiple receivers. The relay structure is optimized in order to achieve maximum SNR at the receiver nodes. The proposed scheme provides a significant reduction in the delay required for the relaying and transmission of the signals to the multiple receivers with a minute loss in performance. We have also shown by simulation that this loss in the performance could be recovered by selecting more number of relays. We propose two relaying strategies for high-rate space–time codes, which are very useful in providing high data-rate in wireless cooperative networks.     

Relationship between proteolysis and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibition in different cheeses

The inhibition of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) by the ethanol (70%)-soluble fraction (ESF) from different cheeses was analysed with an extract from rabbit lung acetone powder as enzyme source and 2-furanacryloyl-1-phenylalanylglycylglycine (FAPGG) as substrate. Proteolysis was assessed by a spectroscopic o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) assay of the pH 4.6-soluble fraction and ESF. Peptides in the ESF were separated by reverse phase-HPLC. The traditional Norwegian cheese Gamalost had per unit cheese weight higher ACE inhibition potential than Brie, Roquefort and Gouda-type cheese, likely due to the combination of highest protein content and most extensive proteolysis providing a high content of ACE inhibitory peptides. However, ACE-inhibition expressed as IC₅₀ per unit peptide concentration from ESF assessed by the OPA-assay was highest for Kesam, a Quark-type cheese with a low degree of proteolysis.     

Variable‐temperature IR spectroscopic studies of CO adsorbed on Na‐ZSM‐5 and Na‐Y zeolites

CO interacts with extraframework alkali metal cations (M⁺=) of zeolites to form both M⁺CO and M⁺OC species. By using variabletemperature FTIR spectroscopy, these Cbonded and Obonded species were found to be in a temperaturedependent equilibrium. For the same cation, the difference in interaction energy depends upon the zeolite framework. Thus, for the equilibrium process ZNa⁺=CO ZNa⁺OC, where Z represents the zeolite framework, H ⁰ was found to take the values 3.8 and 2.4 kJ mol^– for CO/NaZSM5 and CO/NaY, respectively. The Cbonded species show always the highest cation–CO interaction energy.     

Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: An Update on Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Targeting

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the western world, with limited therapeutic strategies and dismal long-term survival. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, maintaining the extracellular matrix, while also being involved in intricate crosstalk with cancer cells and infiltrating immunocytes. Therefore, they are potential targets for developing therapeutic strategies against PDAC. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity in CAFs with respect to their origins, spatial distribution, and functional phenotypes within the PDAC tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and delineate this heterogeneity prior to targeting CAFs for PDAC therapy.     

Opportunistic Relaying for MIMO Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Networks

We consider a wireless relay network with multiple antenna terminals over Rayleigh fading channels, and apply distributed space-time coding (DSTC) in amplify-and-forward (A&F) mode. The A&F scheme is used in a way that each relay transmits a scaled version of the linear combination of the received symbols. It turns out that, combined with power allocation in the relays, A&F DSTC results in an opportunistic relaying scheme, in which only the best relay is selected to retransmit the source’s space-time coded signal. Furthermore, assuming the knowledge of source-relay CSI at the source node, we design an efficient power allocation which outperforms uniform power allocation across the source antennas. Next, assuming M-PSK or M-QAM modulations, we analyze the performance of the proposed cooperative diversity transmission schemes in a wireless relay networks with the multiple-antenna source and destination. We derive the probability density function (PDF) of the received SNR at the destination. Then, the PDF is used to determine the symbol error rate (SER) in Rayleigh fading channels. We derived closed-form approximations of the average SER in the high SNR scenario, from which we find the diversity order of system R min{N _s , N _d }, where R, N _s , and N _d are the number of the relays, source antennas, and destination antennas, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed system obtain more than 6 dB gain in SNR over A&F MIMO DSTC for BER 10^?4, when R = 2, N _s  = 2, and N _d  = 1.     

Underperformance of Nigerian irrigation systems

Despite huge public investment in large‐scale irrigation projects in Nigeria, they have yet to yield the desired results. About 76% of capital expenditure on agriculture in the 1981 Federal budget went to this sector, yet only 3.7% of the anticipated area of 1.4 million ha is currently under control irrigation. The largest of these schemes, the South Chad Irrigation Project, has suffered from serious capacity underutilization, crop yields have been extremely low, risk and uncertainty have been high, and water conveyance and water use efficiencies have been among the lowest in the world. This paper identifies and discusses the fundamental causes of this underperformance, and suggests remedies. Utilizing remote sensing (NASA/Landsat and AVHR satellite) images of Lake Chad from 1965 to 1986, it is argued that the scheme may not be technically feasible owing to its vulnerability to drought and the shrinking of Lake Chad.