STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND NONRANDOM SAMPLES.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION RARELY MEETS THE ASSUMPTION OF RANDOM SAMPLING THAT CONVENTIONAL STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCEDURES ARE GENERALLY BELIEVED TO REQUIRE. A RATIONALE IS PRESENTED TO JUSTIFY THE CURRENT PROCEDURE OF TESTING STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES WITH NONRANDOM SAMPLES. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SS TO TREATMENTS ALLOWS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH NONRANDOMLY SELECTED SS, ALTHOUGH THE STATISTICAL INFERENCES APPLY ONLY TO THE SS ACTUALLY USED IN THE EXPERIMENT. RANDOMIZATION TESTS CAN BE USED AS EXACT TESTS FOR THIS PURPOSE AND PARAMETRIC TESTS CAN BE USED AS APPROXIMATIONS TO RANDOMIZATION TESTS. NONSTATISTICAL INFERENCES ABOUT PERSONS NOT USED IN AN EXPERIMENT CAN BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NONPROFIT HOUSING ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: The Management Challenge

ABSTRACT: The viability of the low income housing built by nonprofit organizations in US cities hinges on the ability of these groups to maintain and manage it. Nonprofit sponsors and their institutional support system have only recently begun to recognize the importance of property and asset management. First priority continues to be housing production, followed by organizational capacity building. This paper explores how the institutional support network for nonprofit housing has begun to address the need for stronger property management. Drawing from recent six city study, the authors examine different ways by which local and national networks provide financial and technical support for property management. They conclude with a series of recommendations for broadening and strengthening institutional support for property management in the nonprofit sector.     

Backscattered electron imaging and electron backscattered diffraction in the study of bacterial attachment to titanium alloy structure

The application of secondary electron (SE) imaging, backscattered electron imaging (BSE) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was investigated in this work to study the bacterial adhesion and proliferation on a commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) and a Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti 64) with respect to substrate microstructure and chemical composition. Adherence of Gram‐positive Staphylococcus epidermidis 11047 and Streptococcus sanguinis GW2, and Gram‐negative Serratia sp. NCIMB 40259 and Escherichia coli 10418 was compared on cp Ti, Ti 64, pure aluminium (Al) and vanadium (V). The substrate microstructure and the bacterial distribution on these metals were characterised using SE, BSE and EBSD imaging. It was observed that titanium alloy‐phase structure, grain boundaries and grain orientation did not influence bacterial adherence or proliferation at microscale. Adherence of all four strains was similar on cp Ti and Ti 64 surfaces whilst inhibited on pure Al. This work establishes a nondestructive and straight‐forward statistical method to analyse the relationship between microbial distribution and metal alloy structure.     

Micro‐community cytometry: sensing changes in cell health and glycoconjugate expression by imaging and flow cytometry

Discerning the extent of biologically relevant heterogeneity presents unique challenges to both microscopy and flow cytometry. Micro‐environmental influences and stochastic changes in cellular behaviour can act to mask the origins of both progression and therapeutic resistance in tumour cell systems. In part the dimensionality of different and frequently metastable states can be assessed by multi‐parameter flow cytometry with unparalleled statistical robustness. Complementary application of imaging can provide valuable insights into the complex temporal changes that can occur in cell micro‐communities either spontaneously or in response to selection pressure. With an extensive range of methodologies for the labelling of cells there are multiple options for tracking cells, defining fate and the re‐construction of provenance and behavioural history. The challenge is highlighted by attempts to identify the critical glycosylation events modifying the function of cell surface proteins. Central to a cytometric approach is the availability of methods that reveal cell health and are compatible with the detection of cell surface changes within dynamic micro‐communities. The review briefly addresses the options for sensing cell health and the co‐application of an antibody mimetic for detection of cell surface glycoconjugate expression accessible for both imaging and flow cytometry.     

MINORITIES ON THE MARGINS? THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF FRINGE BANKING SERVICES

ABSTRACT: Case studies in select large cities have found that fringe services, including payday lenders, check cashers, pawn brokers, and money transmittal companies are more geographically accessible to predominantly minority neighborhoods while traditional banks are more accessible to white neighborhoods. However, many analyses are bivariate rather than multivariate and do not disentangle the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic status from that of race. Furthermore, the fringe services industry contends that market factors, such as zoning, arterials, population base, and commercial activity influence location. This study employs geographic information systems (GIS) and multiple regression to untangle the spatial relationship between minority communities and traditional and fringe banks in four small‐to‐moderate‐sized metropolitan areas. We find that, though market factors are indeed powerful determinants of fringe bank location, there are nonetheless persistent ethnic effects in two of the four cities and these effects cannot be attributed to factors correlated with a large minority presence.     

2009我们的时尚偶像

时尚偶像，就是在潮流着装上惹得万人追捧，被狗仔时刻对焦的人物。他们的一举一动都是传媒的头条，衣食住行极具商业价值。单纯的单薄的美丽还远不能成为“时尚偶像”，需要有点神来之笔的画龙点睛，     

CHALLENGES FOR NONPROFIT HOUSING ORGANIZATIONS CREATED BY THE PRIVATE HOUSING MARKET

ABSTRACT: Community development corporations (CDCs) and other large nonprofit housing organizations are major producers of housing for low‐income households. One of the least recognized and examined set of challenges facing these groups relates to how the workings of the private housing market—both weak and strong market conditions—impact their ability to carry out their mission. After presenting examples of how housing market conditions create challenges for nonprofits, the article explores how organizational strategic planning can help the nonprofit to more explicitly focus on housing market dynamics and plan its activities taking into account these concerns. An analysis of the two major training programs for nonprofit housing organizations that were available during 2007 revealed that out of the 216 different courses offered by NeighborWorks America and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, only 8% appear to relate closely to housing market dynamics and land‐use issues and 3% relate to strategic planning. Initiatives that would assist nonprofits to both recognize the importance of the private housing market and to assist them in developing strategies for confronting market‐based challenges are presented.     

PASTEURIZATION OF VACUUM-SEALED PACKAGES OF SUMMER SAUSAGE INOCULATED WITH LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Packages containing chubs of summer sausage were inoculated with about 10⁸ cfu/mL of a three-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes and vacuum sealed. The fate of the pathogen was then monitored after pasteurization at 150F (66C), 170F (77C), 190F (88C) and 21 OF (99C) for 0 to 240 s. Pathogen numbers were reduced by about 3 log₁₀ cfu per gram within 30, 60, or 90s at 21 OF (99C), 190F (88C), or 170F (77C), respectively, whereas numbers were reduced by <2.0 log₁₀ cfu per gram after 240 s of heating at 150F (66C). The calculated D values were 2.08 min at 150F (66C), 0.84 min at 170F (77C), 0.37 min at 190F (88C), and 0.28 min at 21 OF (99C). These results establish the feasibility of using pasteurization to control L. monocytogenes in packaged summer sausage.