Grain Growth and Phase Transformation of Titanium Oxide During Calcination

Additions of NiO, CoO, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃, and CuO promote the anatase-rutile transformation and grain growth of TiO₂. Additions of Na₂O and WO₃ retard the transformation and have no effect on the grain growth. The addition of MoO₃ strongly promotes the grain growth but has only a slight effect on the phase transformation. Both the grain growth and transformation are promoted slightly by Cr₂O₃. The transformation is significantly affected by the method of preparing TiO₂. The grain size of TiO₂ heated in H₂ exceeds that of TiO₂ heated in O₂, in air, in argon, and in vacuum. The rate of transformation decreases with an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen of the atmosphere.     

DNA ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FOOD-ASSOCIATED FOREIGN SUBSTANCES

To identify food‐associated foreign substances, a DNA analysis consisting of 18S rDNA sequencing and homology search analysis has been developed. In this method, we designed universal primer pairs for specific amplification of animal and plant 18S rDNA and constructed an original DNA database storing partial 18S rDNA sequences of 222 organisms commonly used for culinary purposes. In the model experiments, food materials were successfully identified, indicating that our DNA analysis method can be practically applied to the identification of food‐associated foreign substances. It is also expected that this method complements conventional morphological and compositional analysis, leading to more accurate and reliable identification of food‐associated foreign substances.     

5K下针尖导致Si(001)表面结构变化的NC-AFM观察

The Si(001)surface has attracted much attention because of its practical importance in most LSI devices t11at are fabricated on this surface.However,recent STM studies performed at low temperatures(LT)questioned whether the c(4x2)phase is the most stable phase.     

Limonoid Glucosides in Fruit, Juice and Processing by-products of Satsuma Mandarin (Chus unshiu Marcov.)

In a study on improving utilization of waste from processing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcov.) the limonoid glucosides of fruit, juice, and by-products were measured using HPLC and TLC. All materials had the 17-β-D-glucopyranoside derivatives of limonoids reported in other commercial citrus fruit. Citrus molasses was a good source for industrial scale extraction of limonoid glucosides. An extraction system using polystyrene divinylbenzene resins, was developed which could be expanded to industrial scale.     

Achieving 'Customer Focus' in Private Housebuilding: Current Practice and Lessons from Other Industries

Driven by government ambitions to improve the quality and cost of new housing, British private sector housebuilders are searching for ways to become more 'customer focused'. However, concepts developed in other manufacturing and service sectors are being transferred into the housebuilding industry without fully understanding their implications. The paper explores the concept of 'customer focus', the ways it is being adopted in UK housebuilding and identifies structural barriers which have impeded its introduction. Conclusions are presented on the business strategies that need to be in place if the aspirations for a more customer-focused housebuilding industry are to be met.     

TRIAL METHOD FOR MEASURING THE EFFECT OF LIPIDS ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH PASTE DURING THE GELATION PROCESS

An attempt was made to measure the effect of lipid components on the viscosity and thixotropy of wheat starch paste in a short aging time after gelatinization. Viscometry was used to follow periodically the changes in apparent viscosity (at 76.8 s⁻¹) of the mixed paste of wheat starch and one of a series of lipids in a cone-plate viscometer for 210 min after gelatinization, i.e. a procedure of eight cycles of measurement with a sample. Each cycle of the measurement consisted of viscometry for 3 min and a rest period for 27 min at 30°C. The apparent viscosity of all the samples decreased greatly during the 3 min measurement due to thixotropic breakdown of the macroscopic structure in the samples. The results suggest that the presence of a small amount of free fatty acid and monoglyceride may play a role in reducing starch paste gelation.     

Chemical Characterization of Sardine Meat Powder Produced by Dehydration with High Osmotic Pressure Resin and Defatting with High Pressure Carbon Dioxide

Oils and fishy odor were extracted from the minced sardine meat with liquid carbon dioxide after dehydration with high osmotic pressure resin. This treatment resulted in higher quality minced sardine meat usable as “Surimi.” The lipids of the minced sardine meat defatted with liquid carbon dioxide was half that of undefatted meats; residual lipids were mainly composed of polar lipids such as phospholipids. Although soluble nitrogen and ATPase activity in sardine meat were decreased by dehydration and defatting, the Kamaboko-forming ability was present, and its flavor was improved after defatting. Moreover, sardine meat defatted with liquid carbon dioxide had good stability against protein deterioration and lipid peroxidation.     

Sintering of High-Purity Nickel Oxide, II

The effects of particle size, compacting pressure, additives, and mode of preparation on the sintering of nickel oxide are presented. A low calcining temperature results in a high bulk density of a sintered compact. No appreciable change in the rate of sintering is found above 1000 kg. per sq. cm., whereas the unheated density increases with increasing pressures. Additions of CaO promote sintering, additions of Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ retard sintering, and CeO₂ and Ag₂O have no effect; B₂O₃ accelerates grain growth but retards densification. Nickel oxide from oxalate has a small rate of sintering as compared with nickel oxides from hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate. The effects of the mode of preparation of nickel oxide are discussed in view of the activation energy of electronic conductivity and particle size.     

Comparison of two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy with UV-confocal laser scanning microscopy in three-dimensional calcium imaging using the fluorescence indicator Indo-1

Two-photon excitation laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (2p-LSM) was compared with UV-excitation confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (UV-CLSM) in terms of three-dimensional (3-D) calcium imaging of living cells in culture. Indo-1 was used as a calcium indicator. Since the excitation volume is more limited and excitation wavelengths are longer in 2p-LSM than in UV-CLSM, 2p-LSM exhibited several advantages over UV-CLSM: (1) a lower level of background signal by a factor of 6–17, which enhances the contrast by a factor of 6–21; (2) a lower rate of photobleaching by a factor of 2–4; (3) slightly lower phototoxicity. When 3-D images were repeatedly acquired, the calcium concentration determined by UV-CLSM depended strongly on the number of data acquisitions and the nuclear regions falsely exhibited low calcium concentrations, probably due to an interplay of different levels of photobleaching of Indo-1 and autofluorescence, while the calcium concentration evaluated by 2p-LSM was stable and homogeneous throughout the cytoplasm. The spatial resolution of 2p-LSM was worse by 10% in the focal plane and by 30% along the optical axis due to the longer excitation wavelength. This disadvantage can be overcome by the addition of a confocal pinhole (two-photon excitation confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy), which made the resolution similar to that in UV-CLSM. These results indicate that 2p-LSM is preferable for repeated 3-D reconstruction of calcium concentration in living cells. In UV-CLSM, 0.18-mW laser power with a 2.φ pinhole (in normalized optical coordinate) gives better signal-to-noise ratio, contrast and resolution than 0.09-mW laser power with a 4.9-φ pinhole. However, since the damage to cells and the rate of photobleaching is substantially greater under the former condition, it is not suitable for repeated acquisition of 3-D images.