Handover and Uplink Power Control Performance in the 3.84 Mcps TDD mode of UTRA Network

In this article we consider the performance of the 3.84 Mcpstime-division duplex (TDD) mode of UTRA (Universal TerrestrialRadio Access) network. We emphasize two of the radio resourcemanagement algorithms, handover and uplink power control, whoserole in the overall system performance is studied extensively.First, a handover algorithm used in WCDMA (Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access) standard is considered in a TDD-mode operation.This gives rise to a careful setting of different handoverparameters, and the evaluation of the effects to the systemperformance. Secondly, the specified uplink power controlalgorithm is considered. Since it is based on several user-mademeasurements which may involve both random and systematic errors acareful study about the suitability of the power control scheme iscarried out.     

Objective evaluation of qualified viewing spaces for near‐to‐eye and autostereoscopic two‐view displays

Abstract— Virtual‐image (near‐to‐eye) and two‐view autostereoscopic (3‐D) displays share similar optical properties in the comfortable user position for viewing. In this paper, the definitions and criteria of qualified viewing space (QVS) and qualified stereoscopic viewing space (QSVS) are discussed. Due to the complex nature of these viewing spaces, the related presumptions and the required optical characteristics and their measurements are specified. The effects of different display and observer parameters, such as interpupillary distance, to the resulting viewing spaces are discussed. Finally, real measurement data of two autostereoscopic display devices are presented.     

Diffractive backlight grating array for mobile displays

Abstract— The display backlight unit (BLU) is the most power‐consuming subunit in mobile liquid‐crystal displays. The state‐of‐the‐art BLUs utilize scattering, refractive, and reflective microstructures to generate a uniform distribution of white light through the display. More effective means of transmitting light through the display color filters could be obtained by using diffraction, but previously proposed diffractive backlights do not fully utilize all the possibilities to design gratings effectively for optimal color separation and outcoupling. This paper presents a new pixelated diffractive backlight grating array as an approach for overcoming these obstacles in BLU design. A model array was fabricated to couple out red, green, and blue primary colors from the respective subpixel locations. The results show that it is possible to manufacture such an array and that the light couples out as intended, giving a starting point to design mobile‐display modules with low light‐transmission losses.     

Volatile monocarbonyl compounds of carrot roots at various stages of maturity

Summary Volatile carbonyl compounds of carrot varietyFeonia Hunderup S-64 at various stages of maturity were analysed as their 2,4-DNPH's by a combined TLC-GLC-MS method. Twenty-three different carbonyl compounds were identified, of which undecanal, buten-2-al, methylbutenal, pentan-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 5-methylfurfural have not previously been found in carrot. During maturation the content of acetaldehyde and acetone increased significantly, while that of methylbutenal decreased.

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Die leichtflüchtigen Monocarbonylverbindungen der Karotten in verschiedenen Stufen der Reife

Zusammenfassung Die leichtflüchtigen Carbonylverbindungen der Karotten Varietät Feonia Hunderup S-64 wurden in verschiedenen Stufen der Reife als 2,4-DNPH mit der kombinierten DC-GC-MS-Methode analysiert. Dreiundzwanzig verschiedene Carbonylverbindungen wurden nachgewiesen. Von diesen sind Undecanal, 2-Butenal, Methylbutenal, 2-Pentanon, 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-on und 5-Methylfurfural noch nicht in Karotten aufgefunden worden. Während des Reifens nahm der Gehalt an Acetaldehyd und Aceton bedeutend zu. Der Gehalt an Methylbutenal verminderte sich.

     

Numerical optimization of conduction cooled current leads for low current applications

The basic design principles of current leads for superconducting magnets are well established but HTS materials and conduction cooled systems call for new numerical methods. In this paper the design of current leads was formulated as an optimization problem. Both time integration and finite differencing were examined as possible ways to compute the temperature distribution inside the leads. Three examples about optimization of conduction cooled as well as gas cooled systems are presented. First, the design of tubular normal conducting gas cooled current leads was studied. Second, normal conducting leads cooled with a two-stage cryocooler were examined. Third, the optimization was applied to current leads consisting of HTS tapes at the low temperature end of a normal conducting bar. The study took into account the magnetic field and temperature dependent voltage-current characteristics of the anisotropic Bi-2223 material. The results are compared with traditional analytical ones and the numerical optimization is shown to be an efficient design tool for both normal conducting and HTS current leads.     

Wireless Face Interface: Using voluntary gaze direction and facial muscle activations for human-computer interaction

The present aim was to investigate the functionality of a new wireless prototype called Face Interface. The prototype combines the use of voluntary gaze direction and facial muscle activations, for pointing and selecting objects on a computer screen, respectively. The subjective and objective functionality of the prototype was evaluated with a series of pointing tasks using either frowning (i.e., frowning technique) or raising the eyebrows (i.e., raising technique) as the selection technique. Pointing task times and accuracies were measured using three target diameters (i.e., 25, 30, 40 mm), seven pointing distances (i.e., 60, 120, 180, 240, 260, 450, and 520 mm), and eight pointing angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°). The results showed that the raising technique was faster selection technique than the frowning technique for the objects that were presented in the pointing distances from 60 mm to 260 mm. For those pointing distances the overall pointing task times were 2.4 s for the frowning technique, and 1.6 s for the raising technique. Fitts’ law computations showed that the correlations for the Fitts’ law model were r = 0.77 for the frowning technique and r = 0.51 for the raising technique. Further, the index of performance (IP) value was 1.9 bits/s for the frowning technique and 5.4 bits/s for raising the eyebrows technique. Based on the results, the prototype functioned well and was adjustable so that two different facial activations can be used in combination with gaze direction for pointing and selecting objects on a computer screen.     

Organochlorine Formation in Tertiary Amine Catalyzed Pulp Bleaching

An oxygen delignified eucalyptus kraft pulp was bleached by applying a catalytic amount of a tertiary amine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, and hypochlorous acid at varying pH, temperature, and time. The bleaching filtrate was analyzed for chloroform and AOX and the pulp for residual lignin, hexenuronic acid, and OX. In comparison with chlorine dioxide bleaching, the novel catalytic bleaching (pH < 6) generated only traces of chloroform and low contents of AOX and OX. Separate catalytic oxidations of authentic hexenuronic acid showed that it was a major precursor of chloroform. The results demonstrate a practical way to reduce organochlorine formation in pulp bleaching and provide new understanding on the reaction pathways that yield chloroform.     

Molecular Weight Characterization and Gelling Properties of Acid-Modified Maize Starches

The reduction in the molecular weight distribution during acid hydrolysis of ordinary and waxy maize starch occured in two stages: first amylopectin degraded to intermediate high molecular weight polysac-charides, secondly, these were further hydrolyzed. The amylose moiety of ordinary and high-amylose starch was not affected very much by the hydrolysis conditions used (0.1–1 M HCI, 40°C, 0.3–4 h), but the gelling properties of starch weakened. The amylopectin degradation products, probably branched dextrins, were shown to hinder the gel formation of amylose in the starch pastes.