STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A STATOR VANE UNDER BENDING

The stress distribution on the surface of a stator vane loaded statically as a cantilever has been obtained by means of brittle coatings, strain gauges and three-dimensional photoelasticity. A metal prototype was available for the determinations and from this an epoxy model was made by casting. The combination of methods used suggests the most efficient way of stress analyzing this type of structure.     

EFFECT OF A CARBOHYDRATE-BASED FAT SUBSTITUTE AND EMULSIFYING AGENTS ON REDUCED-FAT PEANUT BUTTER COOKIES

Oatrim replaced 75 and 100% of the butter in peanut butter cookies. Emulsifiers [diacetyl-tartaric esters of monoglycerides (DATEM) and sodium stearoyl-lactylate (SSL)] -were incorporated (0.0, 0.1 and 0.2% formula-weight-basis) in combination with oatrim. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED and contrast statements. Water activity increased as oatrim increased. Oatrim increased Color L. Cookie spread was reduced; cookies with 75% butter replacement with oatrim and 0% emulsifier equaled the control. Oatrim decreased hardness and brittleness; 0.1% SSL moderated the brittleness decrease but resulted in a hard cookie. Cookies with 75% oatrim most closely matched the control; fat Kcal decreased 36%.     

PREPARATION FOR PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN EXAMPLE FROM A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM.

A PROGRAM FOR THE TRAINING OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS IS PRESENTED. THE PROGRAM DEMONSTRATES WAYS IN WHICH PSYCHOLOGISTS CAN (1) BE PREPARED TO APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO THE PROBLEMS OF A SOCIAL INSTITUTION, (2) INCLUDE IN THE TRAINING EMPHASIS UPON THE SETTING OR CONTEXT IN WHICH THE PSYCHOLOGIST WILL FUNCTION, (3) IMMEDIATELY INTEGRATE EXPERIENCE IN CONTEXT WITH DIDACTIC INSTRUCTION AS PART OF THE TRAINING, AND (4) MAINTAIN, REINFORCE, AND EXTEND THE EXPERIENCE THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE PROGRAM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of Nisin on the Outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum Spores

Nisin, an antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptococcus lactis, is effective in preventing the outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum spores. Type A C. botulinum spores were the most resistant to the inhibitory action of nisin requiring 1000-2000 I.U. of nisin/ml for a 50% inhibition of outgrowth on TPYG agar plates. Type E spores were more sensitive requiring only 50-100 I.U./ml for 50% inhibition of outgrowth on TPYG agar plates. Type B spores displayed an intermediate level of sensitivity requiring 500-1000 I.U. of nisin/ml for 50% inhibition of outgrowth on TPYG agar plates. Similar levels of nisin were necessary to prevent spore outgrowth in TPYG broth and BHI broth over a 7-day incubation period. With prolonged incubation periods of up to 65 days in TPYG broth, spore outgrowth was observed sporadically at higher nisin levels with the type A and B spores which may indicate some decomposition of nisin with storage. Nisin levels of 5000 I.U./ml for the type A spores and 2000 I.U./ml for the type B spores and the Minnesota E spores were insufficient to prevent spore outgrowth by C. botulinurn in cooked meat medium. For the Beluga E spores, a nisin level of 2000 I.U./ml was necessary to prevent spore outgrowth in cooked meat medium. The need for higher levels of nisin in cooked medium to prevent spore outgrowth may be due to the binding of the nisin by meat particles.