Because of its ability to change optical absorption dynamically by applied electric field, nickel oxide (NiO) is a promising anodic material in smart windows, which can improve energy conversion efficiency in construction buildings. Although many works have achieved high electrochromic performance with different method. The underlying mechanism is still not fully investigated. In this article, we prepared the NiO films with large specific surface area and high stability by electron beam evaporation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to figure out the surface morphology and composition of as-deposited films. Afterwards, the electrochemical properties and optical performance of the prepared NiO films were investigated. On this basis, the origin of surface charge was fully analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and diffusion coefficient test. These experimental and theoretical results firmly confirm that both the surface reaction and capacitive effect bring about the excellent EC performance in NiO films. These results not only provide clear evidence about electrochemical kinetics in NiO films, but also offer some useful guidelines for the design of EC materials with higher performance and longer stability. 相似文献
Braess’s paradox exposes a counterintuitive phenomenon that when travelers selfishly choose their routes in a network, removing links can improve the overall network performance. Under the model of nonatomic selfish routing, we characterize the topologies of k-commodity undirected and directed networks in which Braess’s paradox never occurs. Our results strengthen Milchtaich’s series-parallel characterization (Milchtaich, Games Econom. Behav. 57(2), 321–346 (2006)) for the single-commodity undirected case. 相似文献
A cable-driven parallel manipulator is a manipulator whose end-effector is driven by a number of parallel cables instead of
rigid links. Since cables always have more flexibility than rigid links, a cable manipulator bears a concern of possible vibration.
Thus, investigation of vibration of cable manipulators caused by cable flexibility is important for applications requiring
high system stiffness or bandwidth. This paper provides a vibration analysis of general 6-DOF cable-driven parallel manipulators.
Based on the analysis of the natural frequencies of the multibody system, the study demonstrates that a cable manipulator
can be designed stiff enough for special applications like the cable-manipulator based hardware-in-the-loop simulation of
contact dynamics. Moreover, under an excitation, a cable may vibrate not only in its axial direction, but also in its transversal
direction. The paper also analyzes the vibration of cable manipulators caused by cable flexibilities in both axial and transversal
directions. It is shown that the vibration of a cable manipulator due to the transversal vibration of cables can be ignored
comparing to that due to the axial flexibility of cables. 相似文献
The goal of holographic particle velocimetry is to infer fluid velocity patterns from images reconstructed from doubly exposed holograms of fluid volumes seeded with small particles. The advantages offered by in-line holography in this context usually make it the method of choice, but seeding densities sufficient to achieve high spatial resolution in the sampling of the velocity fields cause serious degradation, through speckle, of the signal-to-noise ratio in the reconstructed images. The in-line method also leads to a great depth of field in paraxial viewing of reconstructed images, making it essentially impossible to estimate particle depth with useful accuracy. We present here an analysis showing that these limitations can be circumvented by variably scaled correlation, or wavelet transformation. The shift variables of the wavelet transform are provided automatically by the optical correlation methodology. The variable scaling of the wavelet transform derives, in this case, directly from the need to accommodate varying particle depths. To provide such scaling, we use a special optical system incorporating prescribed variability in spacings and focal length of lenses to scan through the range of particle depths.
Calculation shows, among other benefits, improvement by approximately two orders of magnitude in depth resolution. A much higher signal-to-noise ratio together with faster data extraction and processing should be attainable.