原型思维在广义建成景观中的设计应用

The concept of “prototype” originated from "essentialism"—the theory holds that everything is found in its own pure realm that can be typically abstracted, described, and represented. In the development of Architecture, essentialism fails to describe the differences between formal variations, and then Typology was born which manifests the new spatial forms that are embedded within the historical, cultural, and environmental contexts through the changes and combinations of architecture. Prototype, stemming from Typology, highlights the qualities of the time dimension and has been broadly used in the field of landscape architecture to address the objects that are often complex and chaotic. Prototyping is to profile and test the spatial order and characterized by a process of “extraction–deduction–test–outcome”: through the scenario analysis upon understanding and perception of the site, the design extracts the elements, deduces the forms, tests the simulations, iterates the strategies, and finally realizes the outcome physically. In the discourse of Landscape Urbanism, designers must understand the specific material language of the site, the design language of the site’s history (past and future), and the design language of the human activities proposed, while considering the changes over time. This article primarily reviews the evolution of the concept of prototype, and discusses its role in benefiting the design of built landscapes, ranging from the design investigation to the conceiving and testing of design strategies.     

井下回采工作面呼吸性粉尘危害现状及防治对策

为了掌握我国井工煤矿粉尘危害程度及防降尘技术的应用情况,对全国13个省市98家井工煤矿回采工作面呼吸性粉尘通过定点短时间采样法进行采集,分析了呼吸性粉尘样品928例,对其中29家井工煤矿回采工作面粉尘防治技术应用情况进行了调研。经过分析、统计后发现:458例样品检测结果超过5 mg/m3,超标率为49.35%;29个煤矿中进行煤层注水的有17个,占总数的58.6%;实现采煤机组内外高压喷雾的有7个,占总数的26.9%;采用降柱、移架自动喷雾的有14个,占总数的63.6%;采用放煤自动喷雾的有9个,占总数的64.3%;采用自动净化水幕的有12个,占总数的41.4%;采用转载点自动喷雾的有3个,占总数的10.3%。结果表明:井工煤矿呼吸性粉尘危害严重,综合防降尘技术措施未得到广泛应用,在防降尘技术措施方面仍需进行深入研究。