Amination of biochar surface from watermelon peel for toxic chromium removal enhancement

Watermelon peel residues were used to produce a new biochar by dehydration method. The new biochar has undergone two methods of chemical modification and the effect of this chemical modification on its ability to adsorb Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. Three biochars, Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA, were made from watermelon peel via dehydration with 50% sulfuric acid to give Melon-B followed by oxidation with ozone and amination using ammonium hydroxide to give Melon-BO-NH_2 or Triethylenetetramine(TETA) to give Melon-BO-TETA. The prepared biochars were characterized by BET, BJH,SEM, FT-IR, TGA, DSC and EDAX analyses. The highest removal percentage of Cr(VI) ions was 69% for Melon-B,98% for Melon-BO-NH_2 and 99% for Melon-BO-TETA biochars of 100 mg·L~(-1) Cr(VI) ions initial concentration and 1.0 g·L~(-1) adsorbents dose. The unmodified biochar(Melon-B) and modified biochars(Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA) had maximum adsorption capacities(Qm) of 72.46, 123.46, and 333.33 mg·g~(-1), respectively.The amination of biochar reduced the pore size of modified biochar, whereas the surface area was enhanced.The obtained data of isotherm models were tested using different error function equations. The Freundlich,Tempkin and Langmuir isotherm models were best fitted to the experimental data of Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA, respectively. The adsorption rate was primarily controlled by pseudo-second–order rate model. Conclusively, the functional groups interactions are important for adsorption mechanisms and expected to control the adsorption process. The adsorption for the Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA could be explained for acid–base interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction.     

Covalent triazine framework with efficient photocatalytic activity in aqueous and solid media

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have been recently employed for visible light-driven photocatalysis due to their unique optical and electronic properties. However, the usually highly hydrophobic nature of CTFs, which originates from their overall aromatic backbone, leads to limitations of CTFs for applications in aqueous media. In this study, we aim to extend the range of the application media of CTFs and design hybrid material of a CTF and mesoporous silica (SBA-15) for efficient photocatalysis in aqueous medium. A thiophene-containing CTF was directly synthesized in mesopores of SBA-15. Due to the high surface area and the added hydrophilic properties by silica, the hybrid material demonstrated excellent adsorption of organic molecules in water. This leads not only to high photocatalytic performance of the hybrid material for the degradation of organic dyes in water, but also for efficient photocatalysis in solvent-free and solid state. Furthermore, the reusability, stability and easy recovery of the hybrid material offers promising metal-free heterogeneous photocatalyst for broader applications in different reaction media.     

河床变形对水电站动力设备工作条件的影响

水电站运行过程中河床变形会使河底高程逐渐降低。从而导致下游流量特性曲线下降以及水电站水头增大。水头增大使水电站气蚀特性发生变化，导致动力设备的正常工作条件受到破坏。并对其运行安全性和效率造成不利影响。以卡马河的沃特金水电站为例，阐述了河床变形对水电站动力设备工作条件的影响。     

泵入／回流测试有效降低水平地层应力的评估

本列举了在挪威近海不同井位进行的泵入／回流测试的现场数据，解释了致密地层中标准扩展滤失测试(XLOTs)在2000m相应的0．1s．g处至少过高估计了最小水平地层应力20bar的原因。泵入／回流测试是一个XLOT的简单改进。在关井以后，压裂液允许通过一个固定油咀回流。压力和回流量被记录为一个时间函数。我们把一些泵入／回流测试的结果与XLOTs所使用的常规泵入／回流测试的结果进行了比较。由于现有的测试是在致密地层内进行的，因此实际裂缝闭合压力显示出比从标准的XLOT传统解释推断的测试结果最多低于20bar。业已证明，在大多数的情况下，泵入／回流测试是直接的解释，因而它也应该是用于测量最小水平地层应力的最优方法。     

新产品与改进产品

新产品PC*MAX令膝上电脑发声 Giltro-Electronics & Assoc.的PC*MAX只有3.5×1.5×6.5英寸的体积,仅重12盎司,可随身携带,却具有完美的立体声效果,可以为人们的演说配乐,充分展现了多媒体的风     

转子绕组匝间短路时汽轮发电机定子绕组并联交路的环流

转子绕组匝间短路时,会出现转子主磁场磁感应强度的偶次谐波,因而要产生较高频率的感应电势。文献的作者曾建议,利用这些较高频率的电势谐波来作为匝间短路的诊断特征。后来的进一步分析表明,定子绕组并联支路中的偶次谐波环流是一个更为有实质性意义的诊断标志。为此发表了一系列计算与论证文章。然而值得指出的是,关于环境问题的论证研究并不透彻。发