Foam fractionation of spent sulphite liquor: Part I: Separation of surfactants

The surface activity of spent sulphite liquor (SSL) and the separation of surface active components by foam fractionation were studied. The maximum activity (lowest surface tension) of SSL was observed at a high pH. The surface tension was found to be 42 mN/m and 38 mN/m at acidic and basic pH values, respectively, and also a maximum foaminess (Σ) of 7 min was observed at pH 10. Foam fractionation reduced the surfactant concentration by 90% at an optimum pH of 10. The surfactants were concentrated in the collapsed foam as shown by the fact that the critical micelle concentrations of the unfractionated SSL and foam were 70% (v/v) and 10% (v/v), respectively. The removed surfactants were concentrated in 20% of the original liquid volume.     

Test suite oscillations

This paper proposes a set of new software test-diversity measures based on control oscillations of test suites. Oscillation Diversity uses conversion, inversion, and phase transformation to vary test suite amplitudes, frequencies, and phases. Resistance and inductance are defined as measures of diversification difficulty. The experimental results show correlation between some Oscillation Diversity measures and fault-detection effectiveness.     

Submerged culture growth of edible mushrooms on waste sulphite liquors

Various waste sulphite liquors (WSL) i.e. NH_3?, Mg-, Ca-, and mixed-base, were used as substrates for submerged cultivation of four species of edible mushrooms (morel mushroom): Morchella spp., Morchella crassipes, Morchella deliciosa, Morchella esculenta. Growth was found to be completely inhibited by calcium found in both Ca-WSL and mixed-WSL. (In NH_3? WSL and Mg-WSL growth generally occurs in large pellet form. The optimal initial pH for the different morel species on various WSL was found to be between 5.0 and 7.0. The highest yield (approximately 83.4% based on utilized carbohydrate) and dry weight (approximately 4.86 g/l) were obtained when the NH_3? WSL was diluted (1:5 v/v) and used for growth of Morchella crassipes. Freeze-dried morel mushroom mycelium (MMM) on WSL contains on a dry basis, 25.7-48.0% crude protein, 2.45-4.38% fat, 13.7-39.2% carbohydrate and 5.9-18.0% ash. The spectrum of essential amino acids is comparable to the FAO standard, except for the levels of methionine and isoleucine. A strong mushroom flavor (aroma and taste) is also conserved in freeze-dried powdered samples.     

Leaching of vanadium and other metals from Athabasca Oil Sands coke and coke ash

Flexicoker coke derived from Athabasca Oil Sands bitumen contains a number of heavy metals, including vanadium, nickel, iron and titanium, which are susceptible to extraction by hydrometallurgical procedures. The leaching behaviour has been studied as a function of pH, temperature and the presence of salts and redox agents. Greater than 50% extraction of the vanadium, iron and nickel can be achieved by acid leaches, but only about 20% of the titanium can be extracted. Weakly acidic leaches extract about 30% of the nickel content but no significant amounts of the other metals. If cokes derived from Athabasca Oil Sands bitumen by the flexicoking process or the conventional delayed-coker coking process are combusted at temperatures below 500 °C, the vanadium and nickel values in the residual ash are readily susceptible to acid leaching.     

Algorithm for tissue ischemia estimation based on electrical impedance spectroscopy

The purpose of this paper is to present an algorithm developed for real-time estimation of skeletal muscle ischemia, based on parameters extracted from in vivo obtained electrical impedance spectra. A custom impedance spectrometer was used to acquire data sets: complex impedance spectra measured at 27 frequencies in the range of 100 Hz-1 MHz, and tissue pH. Twenty-nine in vivo animal studies on rabbit anterior tibialis muscle were performed to gather data on the behavior of tissue impedance during ischemia. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to quantitatively describe the relationship between the parameters of complex tissue impedance spectra and tissue ischemia via pH. The ANN was trained on 1249, and tested on 946 ischemic tissue impedance data sets. A correlation of 94.5% and a standard deviation of 0.15 pH units was achieved between the ANN estimated pH and measured tissue pH values.     

Wide Area Paging

This paper is a survey on paging, the advantage of paging for the customers and the operators and a comparison with other solutions for mobile communications. It contains figures of the market in Europe and overseas. Another part describes some technical parameters and paging standards, especially the ERMES standard, which was developed in Europa by ETSI. It concludes with an example of a real implementation of the ERMES standard to an paging system.     

Phasengleichgewichte Flüssigkeit/Dampf im System ş-Tocopherol-Cholesterin und im System Stearinsäure-Cholesterin

Phase Equilibria Liquid/Vapour in the System α-Tocopherol-Cholesterol and in the System Stearic Acid-Cholesterol Phase equilibria liquid/vapour were investigated for a binary system α-tocopherol-cholesterol and stearic acid-cholesterol. The equilibria in the isothermic procedure according to Williams and by using a onestep thinlayer rotation evaporator were expressed by x-y-diagrams. During the investigation of the system stearic acid-cholesterol esterification partly took place.