Über die Vorgänge beim Conchieren von Schokolademassen I: Physikalische und chemische Veränderungen bei dunklen Massen

The Processes Accompanying the Conching of Chocolates I: Physical and Chemical Changes in Dark Masses Conching experiments on dark lecithin-free chocolates employing four different types of conches are reported. The studies include especially the periodic changes of watercontent, acetic acid concentration and rheological properties of chocolate masses. The results obtained are discussed and interpreted from the point of view of interfacial physics.     

Good things come in small packages: is there a common set of motivators for energy behaviour?

Household energy consumption can be curbed by individuals’ energy saving, yet despite many efforts, our energy consumption is not lowering. This study investigated the role of a common set of behavioural determinants for households’ intention to perform four energy-related behaviours: investing in PV cells, turning off apparatus on standby mode, showering less, and replacing old home appliances with new energy-efficient ones. Behavioural determinants—energy awareness, general energy knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and moral norms—were assessed in a survey (N?=?83) among Swedish residents. Energy awareness was moderately correlated with energy knowledge, but not with respondents’ intentions to perform the behaviours, except for replacing home appliances. Moral norms were judged by respondents as important motivators and were a strong predictor to behavioural intentions to perform all four behaviours. Attitudes likewise were assessed as important motivators and were important predictors to all behavioural intentions except investing in PV cells, which was instead predicted by perceived behavioural control. Respondents’ assessment of beliefs underlying attitudes also differed for investing in PV cells; namely, beliefs about economic benefits were lower. Moreover, respondents felt less morally responsible for investing in PV cells. Concluding, we found no evidence that intentions to engage in four energy-saving behaviours are mediated by general energy knowledge or energy awareness. Determinants to each behaviour differed, where—surprisingly—investment in PV cells stood out as less motivated both by economic incentives and moral concerns, although moral norms were shared motivators across all four behaviours. We discuss different possible interpretations of these findings.     

Untersuchungen über die Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeit paraffinbeschichteter Papiere

Studies on Water Vapour Permeability of Paraffin-Coated Papers The effect of temperature during the coating of paper with thin layers of paraffin on the water vapour permeability of the layers has been investigated. The structural characteristics that lead to the observed behaviour with regard to permeability as a function of cooling rate of the paraffin layer, have been investigated using x-ray and optical polarisation techniques. These studies have shown that size and orientation of the paraffin crystals have considerable influence on the water vapour permeability of the layer.     

Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency.

A multimethod, multisource assessment of impulsivity was conducted in a sample of more than 400 boys (mean age 10.2 yrs at screening) who were members of a longitudinal study of the development of antisocial behavior. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the 11 different impulsivity measures revealed 2 impulsivity factors: Cognitive and Behavioral. Cognitive and behavioral impulsivity had similar correlations with socioeconomic status. Cognitive impulsivity was more strongly related to IQ than was behavioral impulsivity. Behavioral impulsivity was more strongly related to delinquency at ages 10 yrs and 12–23 yrs than was cognitive impulsivity. Consistent with theoretical prediction, results also indicate that behavioral impulsivity was especially related to serious delinquency that is stable over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thermomechanical characterization of Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5 bulk metallic glass within the homogeneous flow regime

We present a systematic study of the high temperature deformation behavior of a Cu_47.5Zr_47.5Al₅ ternary bulk metallic glass over a wide range of strain rates within the homogeneous flow regime. The apparent viscosity and the effective strain rate determined by thermomechanical analysis in the low stress regime strongly depend on the isothermal annealing temperature and the applied compressive force. Three distinct flow modes, viz. inhomogeneous, non-Newtonian and Newtonian flow, can be distinguished from compression tests. The strain rate–stress data, deduced from both thermomechanical analysis and quasi-static compression tests, were used to construct a Norton-type plot indicating a transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian flow. The significance of these findings for the expected macroscopic shaping capability based on the dynamic materials model as well as the change of the amount of atomic-scale flow defects such as free volume is also investigated.     

Chemical and physical characteristics of different barley samples

Eight different barleys, including covered and naked samples containing low, normal and high amylose starches as well as a sample with low starch and high β‐glucan content and a malting barley, were examined both from a chemical and physical perspective. In the chemical characterisation of the samples, analyses of nutrients were performed, while in the physical characterisation, weight of individual kernels, sieving fractions, bulk density, terminal velocity by pneumatic classification and parameters from a Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) were analysed. Results were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). The major trend found was that hull content and endosperm composition varied independently of each other. Constituents found mainly in the hull were positively correlated with each other, but negatively with bulk density and the 95% quantile of terminal velocity. There was a positive correlation between average value and standard deviation of grain mass, fat and starchy endosperm components such as extractable dietary fibre residues and β‐glucan. The latter variables were negatively correlated to β‐glucan extractability. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanical properties of Al-based metal matrix composites reinforced with Zr-based glassy particles produced by powder metallurgy

Al-based metal matrix composites consisting of pure Al reinforced with different amounts of mechanically alloyed Zr₅₇Ti₈Nb_2.5Cu_13.9Ni_11.1Al_7.5 glassy powder were produced by powder metallurgy, and their mechanical properties were investigated by room temperature compression tests. The samples were consolidated into highly dense bulk specimens at temperatures within the supercooled liquid region in order to take advantage of the viscous flow behavior of the glassy powder. Compression tests show that the addition of the glass reinforcement increases the strength of pure Al from 155 to 250 MPa, while retaining appreciable plastic deformation with a fracture strain ranging between 70% and 40%. The yield strength and the elastoplastic deformation of such composites containing a high volume fraction of glassy particles were accurately modeled using a shear lag model and a self-consistent effective medium approach. Finally, the fracture characteristics of the reinforcing particles were rationalized using a proposed fracture criterion.     

Introducing a demand-based electricity distribution tariff in the residential sector: Demand response and customer perception

Increased demand response is essential to fully exploit the Swedish power system, which in turn is an absolute prerequisite for meeting political goals related to energy efficiency and climate change. Demand response programs are, nonetheless, still exceptional in the residential sector of the Swedish electricity market, one contributory factor being lack of knowledge about the extent of the potential gains. In light of these circumstances, this empirical study set out with the intention of estimating the scope of households' response to, and assessing customers' perception of, a demand-based time-of-use electricity distribution tariff. The results show that households as a whole have a fairly high opinion of the demand-based tariff and act on its intrinsic price signals by decreasing peak demand in peak periods and shifting electricity use from peak to off-peak periods.