功能安全技术讲座

本刊从07年开始刊登“功能安全技术讲座”专题讲座,涉及了功能安全的概念、方法、认证、评估以及安全仪表系统的设计、分析及应用等内容,受到业内专家的肯定与广大读者的欢迎,成为本刊一项重要特色。2012年本讲座将围绕着大型装置及工艺系统的HAZOP／SIL分析应用、安全型仪表的SIL适用度评价、十二五期间国家＂863”计划重点项目《安全控制系统技术研究与开发》的研究进展等内容,继续深入、系统地阐述功能安全的技术与实践方法。     

Identifying critical factors that affect the application of information technology in construction management: A case study of China

The new mode for managing construction projects with information technology (IT) has attracted worldwide attention because it can help managers and workers perform tasks and bring potential benefits, such as high-quality products and accident-free production, effectively. However, the application of IT in site have not achieved expected results because it is faced with many constraints caused by internal factors from enterprises and projects and external factors from the government and environment. Although many relevant studies have discussed the constraints of implementing different IT and devices in the construction industry or site, few articles have specifically focused on identifying and analyzing the indicator system. In this work, we took China as the background, scientifically identified 23 influential factors that affect the implementation of IT in construction management through literature review and expert interviews. Subsequently, questionnaires were issued, and Delphi method was used to obtain empirical data that aimed at four different management fields. Then, an efficient and convenient method called DEMATEL was used to deal with these data. Afterward, the factors were divided into four categories, namely, core, diving, independent, and impact factors. Finally, the similarities and differences of the analysis results from the four fields were compared, and the key factors were identified. Results show that the cross-domain talent ability, concept and value cognition, and organization structure are core factors in all management fields that should be managed first along with the IT innovation ability in the enterprise. The formulation of technical standards and related device and training input are also critical in specific fields. Strategic planning plays a role in macro control and promotion. Data management and application, platform construction, solution, and collaboration have direct impacts on information management. The research results provide suggestions not only for the government to formulate effective policies for IT application and promotion in construction industry, but also for enterprises to take measures in improving management efficiency in the construction site and realizing its substantial benefits.     

含碳捕集装置的电气综合能源系统低碳经济运行

面对当前电气综合能源系统在新能源消纳、低碳性方面存在不足的问题,在系统中引入碳捕集装置进行优化.首先通过弃风惩罚因子将弃风量转化为弃风成本,以系统运行成本与碳排放量为多目标建立一种含碳捕集的电气综合能源系统低碳经济运行模型,使用法线边界交叉法构造多目标问题的Pareto前沿,并利用模糊隶属度函数选择出综合满意度最大的解...     

国家某粮库软土地基承载力分析及验算

本文通过对国家某粮库软弱地基承载力的验算和沉降计算 ,得出结构及基础安全的结论。并通过对比设计的方法 ,对其进行分析验算。此文对一般的处理地基承载力不足问题具有借鉴作用。     

An enhanced microfluidic control system for improving power density of a hydride-based micro fuel cell

Microfuel cells (MFCs) can potentially power emerging technologies that require power sources in the microliter size range. The recent development of a microfluidic mechanism for self-regulated generation of hydrogen has enabled fabrication of MFCs orders of magnitude smaller than previously possible. In this study, we report an order of magnitude enhancement in the power density of a microliter-scale fuel cell incorporating a new microfluidic design. The microfluidic mechanism is part of an on-board hydrogen generator that uses a reaction between a metal hydride, LiAlH₄, and water vapor to generate hydrogen. The hydrogen generated exits the hydride reactor through a porous silicon wall to reach a Nafion-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The microfluidic design increased the water vapor release rate to the hydride reactor by one order of magnitude over a previous design. A 9 μL device incorporating the enhanced microfluidic design delivered a power density of 92 W L⁻¹. Details of a parametric study conducted to improve the water vapor release rate of the microfluidic mechanism and performance analysis of the integrated device are presented in this paper.     

高新能源占比系统的低频减载优化方法

电网系统中大规模新能源的并网对电网的安全稳定提出新的挑战,在高新能源占比电网中,系统的第三道防线的适应能力对于系统的安全稳定尤为重要,低频减载是第三道防线中频率紧急控制的主要手段.该文介绍适用于低频减载整定计算的频率响应模型,在此模型的基础上分析得出传统低频减载方案对高新能源占比系统的适应性较差的结论,提出基于df/d...     

提高风电渗透率极限的火电机组惯性参数优化方法

波动性风电的高渗透接入降低了系统的阻尼和一次调频性能,制约了风电渗透率的进一步提升。研究在不降低系统动态稳定水平的前提下提高高风电渗透率系统的调频能力,对于提高风电渗透率极限具有重要意义。文中首先提出了一种含阻尼水平约束和频率偏差约束的风电渗透率极限求解方法,进一步基于火电机组惯性参数对系统阻尼特性和一次调频性能有相反作用的机理,提出了一种考虑系统阻尼和动态频率响应能力的火电机组惯性参数协调优化方法。仿真结果表明,所提风电渗透率极限求解方法的计算结果有较高的参考价值,引入协调优化策略后有效改善了系统的动态稳定特性和调频特性,优化效果适用性强,优化后系统风电渗透率得到了提高。     

A self-regulating hydrogen generator for micro fuel cells

The ever-increasing power demands and miniaturization of portable electronics, micro-sensors and actuators, and emerging technologies such as cognitive arthropods have created a significant interest in development of micro fuel cells. One of the major challenges in development of hydrogen micro fuel cells is the fabrication and integration of auxiliary systems for generating, regulating, and delivering hydrogen gas to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, we report the development of a hydrogen gas generator with a micro-scale control system that does not consume any power. The hydrogen generator consists of a hydride reactor and a water reservoir, with a regulating valve separating them. The regulating valve consists of a port from the water reservoir and a movable membrane with via holes that permit water to flow from the reservoir to the hydride reactor. Water flows towards the hydride reactor, but stops within the membrane via holes due to capillary forces. Water vapor then diffuses from the via holes into the hydride reactor resulting in generation of hydrogen gas. When the rate of hydrogen consumed by the MEA is lower than the generation rate, gas pressure builds up inside the hydride reactor, deflecting the membrane, closing the water regulator valve, until the pressure drops, whereby the valve reopens. We have integrated the self-regulating micro hydrogen generator to a MEA and successfully conducted fuel cell tests under varying load conditions.     

考虑系统阻尼和频率特性的机组参数优化策略

波动性、随机性风电的大规模并网降低了系统的阻尼水平和频率响应性能,制约了风电渗透率的进一步提升。高风电渗透率场景下,火电机组的惯性时间常数对系统动态稳定特性和调频特性有相矛盾的作用。为了实现系统的综合特性最佳,文中提出了一种通过需求层次分析模型确定协调优化目标函数中各指标的权重系数,进而对机组参数进行优化选择的策略。该策略能够实现对系统不同性能进行侧重性优化,可以在不降低系统动态稳定水平的前提下提高系统的调频能力。仿真结果表明该策略能不同程度地提高系统的阻尼和调频能力,并且在不同渗透率水平下优化效果稳固可靠,增强了电网的外送能力和消纳风电的能力。     

一起直流滤波器保护误动分析及算法优化建议

本文分析了金中直流在双极大地回线运行时一起直流线路故障导致直流滤波器保护误动的原因,指出故障的原因为直流滤波器保护算法不合理从而导致区外故障时直流滤波器保护比率差动误动作,详细分析算法后给出了相应的优化措施。实践证明,优化后的直流滤波器保护算法有效地提高了直流输电系统运行的可靠性。