Variable presentation of cerebrovascular disease in monovular twins

We describe twin girls with bilateral cerebrovascular disease. In one child, a diagnosis of moyamoya disease was made after presentation in infancy with an acute hemiparesis; her asymptomatic sibling was found to have significant bilateral cerebrovascular disease after neuropsychological evaluation and assessment with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Both subjects showed a discrepancy between verbal and performance IQ and deficits on a test of frontal-lobe function suggesting that these domains should be targeted in cognitive assessment. Family members of subjects with moyamoya are at risk of cerebrovascular disease. Clinical symptoms do not reliably predict disease and those at risk should be offered screening with non-invasive vascular imaging.     

Identification and characterization of the murine homologue of CD22, a B lymphocyte-restricted adhesion molecule

The human B lymphocyte-specific Ag, CD22, is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface during a narrow window of B cell development, coincident with surface IgD. A ligand for CD22 has recently been identified on human T cells as the low molecular mass isoform of the leukocyte common Ag, CD45RO. CD22 has been reported to function in the regulation of both T and B cell activation in vitro. In this study, we report the isolation and expression of a molecular cDNA clone encoding the murine homologue of CD22, mCD22. Within their predicted protein sequences, murine and human sequences overall have 62% identity, which includes 18 of 20 extracellular cysteines and six of six cytoplasmic tyrosines. BHK cells transfected with mCD22 cDNA specifically adhere to resting and activated T lymphocytes and in addition bound activated, but not resting, B cells. Five Th clones were analyzed for their ability to adhere to mCD22; two Th0 clones and one Th1 clone bound CD22+ BHK transfectants, but not all T cell clones bound CD22+ cells: another Th1 clone and a Th2 clone did not. mCD22+ BHK transfectants were also specifically bound by the B cell-specific mAb, NIM-R6, demonstrating that this mAb is specific for murine CD22. Human cell lines expressing the counter-receptors for human CD22 were also examined for adhesion to the murine CD22 homologue; the epitope responsible for B cell adhesion to CD22 is conserved, whereas the T cell epitope binding to CD22 is not. The cDNA and mAb to murine CD22 will be useful for defining the in vivo function of CD22.     

Dynamic analysis of Java program concepts for visualization and profiling

Concept assignment identifies units of source code that are functionally related, even if this is not apparent from a syntactic point of view. Until now, the results of concept assignment have only been used for static analysis, mostly of program source code. This paper investigates the possibility of using concept information within a framework for dynamic analysis of programs. The paper presents two case studies involving a small Java program used in a previous research exercise, and a large Java virtual machine (the popular Jikes RVM system). These studies investigate two applications of dynamic concept information: visualization and profiling. The paper demonstrates two different styles of concept visualization, which show the proportion of overall time spent in each concept and the sequence of concept execution, respectively. The profiling study concerns the interaction between runtime compilation and garbage collection in Jikes RVM. For some benchmark cases, we are able to obtain a significant reduction in garbage collection time. We discuss how this phenomenon might be harnessed to optimize the scheduling of garbage collection in Jikes RVM.     

Crystal growth in dental enamel: the role of amelogenins and albumin

Amelogenin-mineral interactions were investigated using an in vitro binding approach. Rat incisor enamel matrix proteins (mainly amelogenins) were dissolved in synthetic enamel fluid and allowed to equilibrate with deproteinised developing enamel crystals. The results showed that amlogenin proteins of 21, 23, 24, 26 and 27-kDa (corresponding to nascent and partially degraded amelogenins) were associated with the crystals whilst the lower Mr amelogenins (< 21 KDa) remained free in the synthetic enamel fluid. These data suggest the nascent and partially degraded amelogenins may interact with developing enamel crystals and could influence their growth. Albumin-mineral interactions were investigated by extracting developing rat incisor enamel with synthetic enamel fluid. Insoluble material (including the enamel crystals) was then further extracted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to desorb any mineral bound proteins. Western blotting using anti-albumin antibodies showed that almost all of the albumin from the secretory stage enamel and a significant proportion of the albumin present in early transition stage was extractable in the synthetic enamel fluid. However, synthetic enamel fluid did not extract albumin from late transition or maturation stage tissue, which could only be removed following further extraction with phosphate buffer. Albumin degradation was apparent during the transition and maturation stages, where it is degraded and ultimately removed. This binding pattern may be related to amelogenin degradation and removal during the transition stage, permitting albumin access to the previously obscured crystal surfaces. That the secretory stage matrix appears to "protect" secretory stage crystals from albumin may be an important consideration in the aetiology of enamel hypoplasias (i.e. incomplete crystal growth) and when using dissociative extraction procedures for the identification of mineral bound proteins.     

The relation between arterial oxygen tension and cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: The precise mechanisms involved in islet xenograft rejection remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine cellular mechanisms responsible for islet xenograft rejection in the liver to facilitate finding a procedure for prevention of immune rejection. METHODS: Hepatic mononuclear cells (MNC) as well as splenocytes, peripheral blood MNC, and thymocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (BALB/c) rejecting the intrahepatic rat (Lewis) islet xenografts were isolated and examined by two-color FACS analysis. RESULTS: The characteristic finding of the hepatic MNC from the mice rejecting islet xenografts compared with mice receiving isografts was a significant increase in the yield as well as in the percentage of the cells expressing CD3+ interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha- beta+, CD3+ CD8alpha+ beta+, and T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta+ lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1+. The expression of CD3 and TCR alphabeta of these T cells was found to be of intermediate intensity (TCR(int) cells). The expansion of these TCR(int) cells occurred predominantly in the liver. There was no significant difference in the cells expressing CD3+ IL-2R alpha+, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ TCRgammadelta+, CD3- IL-2Rbeta+ (natural killer cells), and B220+ (B cells). In vivo administration of anti-IL-2Rbeta monoclonal antibody directed to the expanded cells produced a prevention of rejection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that islet xenograft rejection in the liver from rat to mouse is an event for which the TCR(int) cells are responsible.     

Haemothorax after subclavian vein cannulation

A patient in whom pulmonary arterial bleeding occurred during percutaneous supraclavicular puncture of the subclavian vein is described. A retrospective survey of over 600 subclavian venepunctures disclosed seven patients in whom serious traumatic complications occurred, six of them in the hands of inexperienced operators.     

Free radical chemistry of disinfection byproducts. 2. Rate constants and degradation mechanisms of trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin)

Absolute rate constants for the free-radical-induced degradation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM, chloropicrin) were determined using electron pulse radiolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy. Rate constants for hydroxyl radical, *OH, and hydrated electron, e(aq)-, reactions were (4.97 +/- 0.28) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) and (2.13 +/- 0.03) x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. It appears that the *OH adds to the nitro-group, while the e(aq)- reacts via dissociative electron attachment to give two carbon centered radicals. The mechanisms of these free radical reactions with TCNM were investigated, using 60Co gamma irradiation at various absorbed doses, measuring the disappearance of TCNM and the appearance of the product nitrate and chloride ions. The rate constants and mechanistic data were combined in a kinetic computer model that was used to describe the major free radical pathways for the destruction of TCNM in solution. These data are applicable to other advanced oxidation/reduction processes.     

Optically powered data link for power system applications

The practicability of an optically powered data link has been demonstrated. The link has moderate bandwidth (1 kHz), accuracy (1%) and dynamic range (>60 dB) over a useful range of ambient temperatures. The link uses commercially available components, including a photodiode array fabricated using the dielectric isolation process in silicon. An application to the measurement of current in a high voltage line by means of a linear coupler is described, and experimental results are presented. Power transmission efficiency is presently low, at about 0.3% overall (electrical-to-electrical) and 5% optical-to-electrical     

An Object-Oriented Approach to Integrating Design Information

Abstract: This paper reports on the conceptual modeling of design information that is being undertaken to provide a framework into which information from different disciplines within the construction industry will fit. The information modeling, which is being undertaken using object-oriented analysis and design techniques, will allow information to be viewed from different perspectives and different levels of abstraction depending on the requirements of the particular user. To permit sharing of the information, it is necessary to have fully integrated models. This paper describes the models that were produced and the way in which integration was achieved in order not to force any participant to compromise in terms of viewing information from an unfamiliar perspective.     

Improved parallelism measurement using a laser interferometer

The authors discuss an improved method for obtaining parallelism measurements of two straight bars in a plane, considering the specific problem of making two vertical surfaces parallel to each other to within 0.00005 of an inch over a 50 inch length. The authors compare the existing method of using dial indicators and a slider with that of using a laser interferometer, cable and pulley system, and a microcomputer. Possible errors this system may generate and solutions to help minimize them are presented. The procedure presented will help to minimize errors due to the operator such as `reading between the lines' on an indicator and hand applied pressure. These methods allow improved parallelism resolution over that obtainable with the indicator