An experimental study on air window collector having a vertical blind for active solar heating

In this study, an air window collector having vertical black blinds was investigated experimentally under actual outdoor conditions. The vertical blind was installed between two 120 × 80 cm glass panes. It can rotate about the vertical axis. The fully open position makes a 90° angle with the vertical plane. A commercially available blind made of cloth and coated with black paint was tested. The air circulation in the system is provided by a fan parallel to blinds. Various parameters were measured and recorded using a data acquisition system. The effect of these parameters on the thermal performance of the system were determined experimentally.     

Laser-induced fluorescence visualization of ion transport in a pseudo-porous capacitive deionization microstructure

In this paper, a microfluidic experimental set-up is introduced to study the ionic transport in an artificial capacitive deionization (CDI) cell. CDI is a promising desalination technique, which relies on the application of an external electric field and high surface area porous electrodes for ion separation and storage. Photolithography and deep reactive ion etching were used to fabricate a micro-CDI channel with pseudo-porous electrodes on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. Laser-induced fluorescence was performed using cationic Sulforhodamine B (SRB) fluorescent dye to measure ion concentration within the bulk solution and more importantly, within the porous electrodes during the desalination process, with an average normalized root mean square deviation of 8.2 %. Using this set-up, electromigration of ions within the electrode was visualized and the effect of applied electric potential on bulk solution concentration distribution is quantified. In addition, SRB and Fluorescein were used together to visualize anion and cation concentrations simultaneously. The method presented in this study can be used for solution concentrations up to approximately 0.7 mM. The ionic concentration profiles obtained by this approach can be used to test and validate the existing electrosorption models, and pseudo-porous electrodes can be modified to observe the effects of pore size, shape and distribution on electrosorption performance. Furthermore, with proper modifications, the microfabricated structure and experimental set-up can be used for CDI-on-a-chip applications and bio-separation devices.     

Who is LB1? Discriminant analysis for the classification of specimens

Many problems in paleontology reduce to finding those features that best discriminate among a set of classes. A clear example is the classification of new specimens. However, these classifications are generally challenging because the number of discriminant features and the number of samples are limited. This has been the fate of LB1, a new specimen found in the Liang Bua Cave of Flores. Several authors have attributed LB1 to a new species of Homo, H. floresiensis. According to this hypothesis, LB1 is either a member of the early Homo group or a descendent of an ancestor of the Asian H. erectus. Detractors have put forward an alternate hypothesis, which stipulates that LB1 is in fact a microcephalic modern human. In this paper, we show how we can employ a new Bayes optimal discriminant feature extraction technique to help resolve this type of issues. In this process, we present three types of experiments. First, we use this Bayes optimal discriminant technique to develop a model of morphological (shape) evolution from Australopiths to H. sapiens. LB1 fits perfectly in this model as a member of the early Homo group. Second, we build a classifier based on the available cranial and mandibular data appropriately normalized for size and volume. Again, LB1 is most similar to early Homo. Third, we build a brain endocast classifier to show that LB1 is not within the normal range of variation in H. sapiens. These results combined support the hypothesis of a very early shared ancestor for LB1 and H. erectus, and illustrate how discriminant analysis approaches can be successfully used to help classify newly discovered specimens.     

Optimization of correlated multi-response quality engineering by the upside-down normal loss function

Most of the published literature on robust design is basically concerned with a single response. However, the reality is that common industrial problems usually involve several quality characteristics, which are often correlated. Traditional approaches to multidimensional quality do not offer much information on how much better or worse a process is when finding optimal settings. Köksoy and Fan [Engineering Optimization 44 (8): 935–945] pointed out that the upside-down normal loss function provides a more reasonable risk assessment to the losses of being off-target in product engineering research. However, they only consider the single-response case. This article generalizes their idea to more than one response under possible correlations and co-movement effects of responses on the process loss. The response surface methodology has been adapted, estimating the expected multivariate upside-down normal loss function of a multidimensional system to find the optimal control factor settings of a given problem. The procedure and its merits are illustrated through an example.     

A Kharitonov‐like theorem for robust stability independent of delay of interval quasipolynomials

In this paper, a Kharitonov‐like theorem is proved for testing robust stability independent of delay of interval quasipolynomials, p(s)+∑eq_k(s), where p and q_k's are interval polynomials with uncertain coefficients. It is shown that the robust stability test of the quasipolynomial basically reduces to the stability test of a set of Kharitonov‐like vertex quasipolynomials, where stability is interpreted as stability independent of delay. As discovered in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234), the well‐known vertex‐type robust stability result reported in (IMA J. Math. Contr. Info. 1988; 5 :117–123) (See also (IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. 1990; 37 (7):969–972; Proc. 34th IEEE Conf. Decision Contr., New Orleans, LA, December 1995; 392–394) does contain a flaw. An alternative approach is proposed in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234), and both frequency sweeping and vertex type robust stability tests are developed for quasipolynomials with polytopic coefficient uncertainties. Under a specific assumption, it is shown in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234) that robust stability independent of delay of an interval quasipolynomial can be reduced to stability independent of delay of a set of Kharitonov‐like vertex quasipolynomials. In this paper, we show that the assumption made in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234) is redundant, and the Kharitonov‐like result reported in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234) is true without any additional assumption, and can be applied to all quasipolynomials. The key idea used in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234) was the equivalence of Hurwitz stability and ?_‐o‐stability for interval polynomials with constant term never equal to zero. This simple observation implies that the well‐known Kharitonov theorem for Hurwitz stability can be applied for ?_‐o‐stability, provided that the constant term of the interval polynomial never vanishes. However, this line of approach is based on a specific assumption, which we call the CNF‐assumption. In this paper, we follow a different approach: First, robust ?_‐o‐stability problem is studied in a more general framework, including the cases where degree drop is allowed, and the constant term as well as other higher‐orders terms can vanish. Then, generalized Kharitonov‐like theorems are proved for ?_‐o‐stability, and inspired by the techniques used in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234), it is shown that robust stability independent of delay of an interval quasipolynomial can be reduced to stability independent of delay of a set of Kharitonov‐like vertex quasipolynomials, even if the assumption adopted in (IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 2008; 53 :1219–1234) is not satisfied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Colon segmentation and colonic polyp detection using cellular neural networks and three-dimensional template matching

Abstract: In this study, an automatic three-dimensional computer-aided detection system for colonic polyps was developed. Computer-aided detection for computed tomography colonography aims at facilitating the detection of colonic polyps. First, the colon regions of whole computed tomography images were carefully segmented to reduce computational burden and prevent false positive detection. In this process, the colon regions were extracted by using a cellular neural network and then the regions of interest were determined. In order to improve the segmentation performance of the study, weights in the cellular neural network were calculated by three heuristic optimization techniques, namely genetic algorithm, differential evaluation and artificial immune system. Afterwards, a three-dimensional polyp template model was constructed to detect polyps on the segmented regions of interest. At the end of the template matching process, the volumes geometrically similar to the template were emhanced.     

Effects of Optimized Operating Parameters on Combustion Characteristics and NO_x Emissions of a Burner based on Orthogonal Analysis

To optimize the structure of the burner,improve the combustion performance,and reduce the emission of NO_x,a self-circulating low NO_x combustion technology was used to design a new type of flue gas self-circulating low NO_x burner.Based on previous research on the numerical model of combustion and the composition of mixed gas on combustion and NO_x emissions,the effect of various factors on the ejection coefficient of the flue gas self-circulating structure was analyzed using the orthogonal test method,and the burner operating parameters,such as preheating temperature and excess air coefficient,were deeply studied through the three-dimensional finite element numerical model in this paper.The results show that the diameter ratio of the nozzle and the length of the cylindrical section of the flue gas self-circulating structure have great influence on its ejection and mixing ability.The optimal ejection coefficient was 0.4829.Overall,the amount of NO_x emissions greatly increased from 6.23×10~(-6) (volume fraction) at the preheating temperature 973 K to 3.5×10~(-3) at preheating temperature 1573 K.When the excess air coefficient decreased from 1.2 to 1,the maximum combustion temperature decreased from 2036.3 K to 1954.22 K,and the NO_x emissions decreased from 352.29×10~(-6) to 159.73×10~(-6).     

Synthesis and application of phenylcarbamodithioate compound for steel protection

Phenyldithiocarbamate compound has been synthesized and studied as corrosion inhibitor for steel. Dithiocarbamate (DTC) compounds with linear alkyl groups are good inhibitors, but their stability is quite low in acidic solutions. It should be noted that long-term stability is important for practical applications, in order to avoid excess use of chemicals. So, we have synthesized phenyl substituted DTC which offers strong inhibition efficiency and extra stability. This new inhibitor is chemically adsorbed on steel through its DTC group, while the aromatic ring provides extra stability and long-term efficiency. For the assessment of corrosion kinetics, we have utilized potentiodynamic and ac impedance studies; also solution assay analysis was realized with atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was revealed that inhibitor exhibits remarkably high efficiency, even under elevated temperature conditions. At 55 °C temperature conditions, i_corr value decreased from 5050 to 154 μA cm^?2, with the addition of 500 ppm inhibitor. The long-term stability of inhibitor was also tested and 85.93% efficiency was obtained after three days of exposure period for 500 ppm concentration.     

Unraveling the Dynamic Nanoscale Reducibility (Ce4+ → Ce3+) of CeOx–Ru in Hydrogen Activation

The interaction of molecular hydrogen with ceria is of important relevance for heterogeneous catalysis related to green chemistry and renewable energy. Here, the complex structural transformations of a well‐defined cerium oxide model catalyst are followed in situ and in real time when exposed to a reactive H₂ environment. By using electron spectromicroscopy and diffraction with chemical and structural sensitivities, it is demonstrated that the transition from CeO₂ to crystalline Ce₂O₃ occurs through a mixture of transient, coexisting phases on the nanoscale. The findings establish a clear relationship between structure and functionality for hydrogen dissociation over ceria(111), bearing profound implications on the nature of the reduction (Ce⁴⁺ → Ce³⁺) and mechanism for H₂ scission.     

Diversity and functional characteristics of lactic acid bacteria from traditional kefir grains

Traditional kefir grains were collected from distinct parts of Turkey, and their microbial profile was determined. A wide bacterial biota was observed formed by distinct lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in which Lactococcus lactis strains appeared to be dominant. Yeast species were also identified in kefir grains. Significant levels of antifungal and antibacterial activities were monitored in kefir isolates. All tested LAB produced an exopolysaccharide (EPS) containing glucose and galactose, and some strains formed a fructan‐type EPS. Importantly, low levels of antibiotic resistance were observed among the kefir isolates.