Effect of Sc on Precipitation Hardening of AlSi6Mg Alloy

The effect of Sc on precipitation hardening of AlSi6Mg was studied.Zr was previously reported that it increased the effectiveness of Sc in wrought aluminum in many areas so Zr was also used together with Sc in this study. Different levels of Sc and Zr additions were added to AlSi6Mg before casting in the permanent mold.The samples were precipitation hardened at different aging temperatures and for various aging time before testing for tensile strength and hardness.It was found that Sc addition into Al6SiMg can change its response to age hardening.Additions of Sc and Sc with Zr increased both yield strength and hardness for both aging temperatures.In addition,Sc was found to modify eutectic Si to obtain fibrous morphology.This effect of Sc on eutectic silicon modification has never been reported before.     

Household electricity demand forecast and energy savings potential for Vientiane,Lao PDR

This paper uses the survey data on household electricity demand from five districts of Vientiane, Lao PDR, for the demand projection up to 2030 using the end-use model. The scenario analysis is used to verify the potential of an energy-saving program by alternating selected appliances with more energy-efficient ones following the labelling standard of Thailand. The demographic structure of electrified households and the energy efficiency of electric appliances are considered as the dominant factors affecting electricity demand. Under the base-case scenario, the total electricity demand of Vientiane increased from 593?GWh in 2013 to 965?GWh in 2030. In the energy efficiency scenario, it is revealed that the appliance standard enhancement program can save total electricity demand in 2030 by 147?GWh (?15.2%), where 117?GWh (?12.1%) of which is contributed by the air conditioner and 30?GWh (?3.1%) by the lighting equipment.