A brief review of the ionic conductivity enhancement for selected oxide electrolytes

The advantages of lowering the operation temperature of SOFCs have attracted great interest worldwide. One of the major barriers to decreasing the operation temperature is the ohmic loss of the electrolyte. Maximizing the electrolyte ionic conductivity is of significant importance, especially in the absence of new electrolyte materials. The ionic conductivity of electrolytes can be influenced by many parameters. There has been an enormous effort in the literature for the improvement of the electrolyte ionic conductivity. From a practical point of view, this paper reviews various approaches to enhancing the ionic conductivity of polycrystalline zirconia- and ceria-based oxide electrolytes in the light of composition, microstructure, and processing. Suggestions are given for future work.     

Structural and transport effects of doping perfluorosulfonic acid polymers with the heteropoly acids, H3PW12O40 or H4SiW12O40

A perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer with pendant side chain -O(CF₂)₄SO₃H was doped with the heteropoly acids (HPAs), H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀. Infrared spectroscopy revealed a strong interaction between the HPA and the PFSA ionomer. Modes associated with the peripheral bonds of the HPA were shifted to lower wave numbers when doped into PFSA membranes. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements showed the presence of large crystallites of HPA in the membrane with d spacings of ca. 10 Å, close to the lattice spacing observed in bulk HPA crystals. Under wet conditions the HPA was more dispersed and constrained the size of the sulfonic acid clusters to 20 Å at a 5 wt% HPA doping level, the same as in the vacuum treated ionomer samples. Under conditions of minimum hydration the HPA decreased the E_a for the self-diffusion of water from 27 to 15 kJ mol⁻¹. The reverse trend was seen under 100% RH conditions. Proton conductivity measurements showed improved proton conductivity of the HPA doped PFSAs at a constant dew point of 80 °C for all temperatures up to 120 °C and at all relative hummidities up to 80%. The activation energy for proton conduction generally was lower than for the undoped materials at RH ≤80%. Significantly the E_a was 1/2 that of the undoped material at RHs of 40 and 60%. A practical proton conductivity of 113 mS cm⁻¹ was observed at 100 °C and 80% RH.     

Comparison of various modeling methods for analysis of powder compaction in roller press

Recently used models relating basic properties of the feed material, roller press design and its operating parameters are reviewed. In particular, we discuss the rolling theory for granular solids proposed by J.R. Johanson in the 1960s, later trials utilizing slab method and newly developed final element models. These methods are compared in terms of efficiency and accuracy of predicting the course of basic process variables like nip angle, pressure distribution in roll nip region, neutral angle, roll torque and roll force.

The finite element method offers the most versatile approach because it incorporates adequate information about powder behavior, geometry and frictional conditions. This enables to perform realistic computer experiments minimizing costs, time and resources needed for process and equipment optimization.     

Conversion of methane to syngas in a solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-SDC anode and LSGM electrolyte

A solid oxide fuel cell constructed from Ni-SDC anode and LSGM electrolyte was applied to the partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CO+H₂) at 700-800 °C with the merits of co-generation of electricity and controllable O₂ supply. It was found that the co-generated syngas at H₂/CO ratio of 1.4-2.0 varied with applied current densities, CH₄ flow rates and operating temperatures. The cell voltage at 100 mA cm⁻² and 800 °C was 0.90 V, i.e. about 90 mW cm⁻² power density could be obtained. The cell operating at 50 mA cm⁻² for 24 h almost showed no degradation of the cell performance. The observed carbon deposition seemed mainly taking place by CH₄ cracking reaction.     

燕麦茶饮料制作工艺研究

为优化燕麦茶饮料的制作工艺,以燕麦茶饮料中的可溶性固形物质量分数和感官评价为指标,以炒制时间、炒制温度、浸提比例为因素,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行响应面试验,得到燕麦茶饮料制作最佳工艺条件:炒制温度为175.41℃,炒制时间为9.39 min,浸提比例为1∶10.73.此时的燕麦茶饮料口感最好,性质最稳定.     

F~-对钛在NaBr水溶液中阳极极化行为的影响

利用电化学方法研究了F对工业纯钛(TAl)在NaBr水溶液中阳极极化行为的影响。结果发现,F加速了钛表面膜的阳极溶解速度,减缓了膜的增厚,提高了孔蚀电位,但对再钝化电位无影响。     

河流无线测控系统的设计

利用计算机技术和无线电通信技术实现远距离无线测控是实现自动控制的要求。提出了基于nRF24E1芯片为核心，集成了单片机／D转换器及无线收发器，扩展极少数外围设备组成的远程无线测控系统的设计思想及设计原理。系统由测控系统中心与现场测报单元两部分组成。在实验的基础上设计了单片机无线测挖电路，试验证明它达到了预定的控制效果。