角质酶在涤纶织物表面改性中的应用

针对涤纶织物亲水性较差的问题,采用特异腐质霉(H.insolens)来源的角质酶对其表面进行改性。通过单因素变量试验对反应残液进行紫外光吸光度测试,确定角质酶处理涤纶织物的优化工艺条件:角质酶用量为100 U/mL,时间为72 h,pH值为8.5,温度为60 ℃。在此条件下,加入表面活性剂Trition X-100(为0.1%)能显著提高角质酶催化水解涤纶织物的产物释放量。测定了反应残液中产物的种类、处理前后织物的亲水性和染色性能,并对涤纶织物表面形貌以及表面化学成分进行表征,分析涤纶的酶法改性机制。结果表明:角质酶水解涤纶产物主要是单(对苯二甲酸-2-羟基乙酯)(MHET)和对苯二甲酸(TPA);角质酶处理后涤纶织物的接触角由93.4°降至83.1°;处理后织物的亚甲基蓝染色深度值显著增加。     

EFFECT OF MANNITOL TREATMENT ON ULTRASOUND EMISSION DURING TEXTURE PROFILE ANALYSIS OF POTATO AND APPLE TISSUE

An ultrasound acoustic emission (AE) signal was recorded during texture profile analysis (TPA) of potato and apple tissue with different texture. The acoustic sensor was in contact with the sample through solid medium. Texture of the tissue was controlled by soaking it in different mannitol solutions. Both TPA and AE parameters change with the texture of potato and apple samples. However, correlation coefficients of linear regression of acoustic parameters are higher than TPA parameters and all of them are significant at a higher confidence level. Critical stress and strain indicate micro‐cracking of the material and they increase with decreasing tissue turgor. The ratio of the critical stress to hardness allows an analysis of sound duration. The sound lasts longer when the tissue is more turgid as a result of the decrease of critical stress to hardness ratio. Counts of AE recorded in the whole TPA test decreased logarithmically with tissue osmolality. The article showed that contact AE can be used for texture evaluation of potato and apple tissue.     

CRISPNESS AND CRUNCHINESS JUDGMENT OF APPLES BASED ON CONTACT ACOUSTIC EMISSION

Contact acoustic emission (AE) measurement, together with a puncture test, were used to evaluate the crispness and crunchiness of three apple cultivars. A storage program was used to induce changes in apple crispness and crunchiness. The instrumental measurements were compared with the results of sensory evaluation.
It was found that crispness and crunchiness could be evaluated instrumentally by measuring firmness, AE events, mean AE amplitude or the product of AE events and mean AE amplitude. For one cultivar, however, firmness was not correlated with any sensory attribute. Generally, the best correlation with sensory attributes was found for the exponential value of AE events. Contact AE allows the measurement of sensory crispness or crunchiness for a given apple cultivar or independently for any apple cultivar. Contact AE can be considered as a useful method for the evaluation of sound properties of wet-crisp foods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Contact acoustic emission method can be used for instrumental evaluation of crispness and crunchiness of apples. The method allows more accurate evaluation of these attributes than firmness measurement. There is a chance to extend the application to other wet-crisp foods and to use the method together with other destructive tests, like texture profile analysis or single edge notched bend.     

INFLUENCE OF CELL SIZE AND CELL WALL VOLUME FRACTION ON FAILURE PROPERTIES OF POTATO AND CARROT TISSUE

This article presents the influence of cell size and cell wall volume fraction on the failure parameters of potato tuber and carrot tissue. Confocal scanning laser microscope was used for obtaining images of the cell structure of the tissues. The mean cell face area and the cell wall volume fraction obtained from the images was compared with work to failure, failure stress, failure strain and secant modulus obtained in a compression test of potato and carrot tissue at two strain rates. Bigger cells and less amount of cell wall material weakened the tissue, which was visible as a linear decrease in the parameters: work to failure, failure stress and failure strain. There were differences between potato and carrot in the secant modulus. For carrot, the secant modulus changed with microstructural parameters, whereas for potato, the secant modulus did not depend on these values. The strain rate decreases all the failure properties for potato. For carrot, only the work to failure was affected by the strain rate.     

漆酶催化聚合对氨基苯酚

漆酶在pH 5.0的醋酸盐缓冲溶液中催化聚合4-氨基苯酚,微型反应器中40℃持续反应10h后得到黑褐色粉末。通过UV-Vis、FT-IR、1HNMR、MALDI-TOF MS、TGA和DSC对产物的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明：所得聚合物在氯仿中不溶,在丙酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜中均有良好的溶解性能。根据UV-Vis、FT-IR和1HNMR分析得知聚合物中酚羟基保留,氨基参与反应,苯环上的氢部分被取代,并且推测了可能的聚合物结构。根据MALDI-TOF MS、TGA和DSC结果分析,聚合物为低聚物,相对分子质量分布在300Da到1500Da之间,聚合度从3到14。产物的分解温度为223℃,具有良好的耐热性能。     

Properties of discontinuous gold thin films deposited on a silicon substrate

Experimental results on the dependence on deposition conditions of the electrical resistance and gauge factor of discontinuous gold films in the vicinity of the percolation threshold are reported. The three-dimensional nature of the films is emphasized. The gauge factor reveals anomalous behaviour.