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1.
By comparing the experimental data of the Sauter-mean-diameter d 32 and the hold up ? with models from literature, there are presented equations for d 32 and ? for the used conical turbine in gas-liquid systems. The necessary adjustment of the proportionality constants of the literature equations will be explained on the basis of fluiddynamical phenomena. It can be established by fluid-dynamical results of a former study carried out with laser-doppler-anemometry. Coalescence phenomena are taken into account in the model using an analogy to bubble columns. The analogy to bubble columns turns out to be suitable. Arguments for the necessity of considering the local fluiddynamics in the modelling of dispersions are presented. 相似文献
2.
CG Tankersley RS Fitzgerald RC Levitt WA Mitzner SL Ewart SR Kleeberger 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,82(3):874-881
The purpose of the present study was to determine the genetic control of baseline breathing pattern by examining the mode of inheritance between two inbred murine strains with differential breathing characteristics. Specifically, the rapid, shallow phenotype of the C57BL/6J (B6) strain is consistently distinct from the slow, deep phenotype of the C3H/HeJ (C3) strain. The response distributions of segregant and nonsegregant progeny were compared with the two progenitor strains to determine the mode of inheritance for each ventilatory characteristic. The BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from the B6 and C3 progenitors were examined to establish strain distribution patterns for each ventilatory trait. To establish the mode of inheritance, baseline breathing frequency (f), tidal volume, and inspiratory time (TI) were measured five times in each of 178 mature male animals from the two progenitor strains and their progeny by using whole body plethysmography. With respect to f and TI, the two progenitor strains were consistently distinct, and segregation analyses of the inheritance pattern suggest that the most parsimonious genetic model for response distributions of f and TI is a two-loci model. In similar experiments conducted on 82 mature male animals from 12 BXH RI strains, each parental phenotype was represented by one or more of the RI strains. Intermediate phenotypes emerged to confirm the likelihood that parental strain differences in f and TI were determined by more than one locus. Taken together, these studies suggest that the phenotypic difference in baseline respiratory timing between male B6 and C3 mice is best explained by a genetic model that considers at least two loci as major determinants. 相似文献
3.
Anna Puig-Molina Lars Pleth Nielsen Alfons M. Molenbroek Konrad Herbst 《Catalysis Letters》2004,92(1-2):29-34
The chemical state of arsenic deposited on a NiMoP/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst exposed to ppb levels of arsenic over several years in a refinery reactor has been studied by in situ EXAFS. In the as-received As-NiMoP catalyst, arsenic is exclusively coordinated to oxygen atoms. Upon sulfiding the sample in 2%H2S/2%H2/96%He, the As atoms become surrounded by approximately two sulfur atoms. No evidence was found for Ni–As bond formation. A possible model for the As local environment is suggested on the basis of combined EXAFS results, STM data and FEFF8.0 simulations (program for ab initio calculations on multiple scattering XAFS and XANES). The FEFF8.0 simulations of the proposed model are in accord with the experimental data measured at the As K edge. In this model, an As atom is located at the edge of a hexagonally truncated Ni-MoS2 slab and is blocking the active NiMoS site. 相似文献
4.
5.
Dynamic memory allocation has been used for decades. However, it has seldom been used in real-time systems since the worst
case of spatial and temporal requirements for allocation and deallocation operations is either unbounded or bounded but with
a very large bound.
In this paper, a new allocator called TLSF (Two Level Segregated Fit) is presented. TLSF is designed and implemented to accommodate
real-time constraints. The proposed allocator exhibits time-bounded behaviour, O(1), and maintains a very good execution time. This paper describes in detail the data structures and functions provided by
TLSF. We also compare TLSF with a representative set of allocators regarding their temporal cost and fragmentation.
Although the paper is mainly focused on timing analysis, a brief study and comparative analysis of fragmentation incurred
by the allocators has been also included in order to provide a global view of the behaviour of the allocators.
The temporal and spatial results showed that TLSF is also a fast allocator and produces a fragmentation close to that caused
by the best existing allocators.
相似文献
Alfons Crespo (Corresponding author)Email: |
6.
Experimental test of a robust formation controller for marine unmanned surface vessels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daniel Schoerling Chris Van Kleeck Farbod Fahimi Charles Robert Koch Alfons Ams Peter Löber 《Autonomous Robots》2010,28(2):213-230
Experiments with two formation controllers for marine unmanned surface vessels are reported. The formation controllers are
designed using the nonlinear robust model-based sliding mode approach. The marine vehicles can operate in arbitrary formation
configurations by using two leader-follower control schemes. For the design of these controller schemes 3 degrees of freedom
(DOFs) of surge, sway, and yaw are assumed in the planar motion of the marine surface vessels. Each vessel only has two actuators;
therefore, the vessels are underactuated and the lack of a kinematic constraint puts them into the holonomic system category.
In this work, the position of a control point on the vessel is controlled, and the orientation dynamics is not directly controlled.
Therefore, there is a potential for an oscillatory yaw motion to occur. It is shown that the orientation dynamics, as the
internal dynamics of this underactuated system, is stable, i.e., the follower vehicle does not oscillate about its control
point during the formation maneuvers. The proposed formation controller relies only on the state information obtained from
the immediate neighbors of the vessel and the vessel itself. The effectiveness and robustness of formation control laws in
the presence of parameter uncertainty and environmental disturbances are demonstrated by using both simulations and field
experiments. The experiments were performed in a natural environment on a lake using a small test boat, and show robust performance
to parameter uncertainty and disturbance. This paper reports the first experimental verification of the above mentioned approach,
whose unique features are the use of a control point, the zero-dynamic stability analysis, the use of leader-follower method
and a nonlinear robust control approach. 相似文献
7.
Industrial control applications are usually developed in two phases: control design and real-time system implementation. In the control design stage a regulator is obtained and later it is translated into an algorithm in the implementation phase. Traditionally, these two phases have been developed in separate ways. Recently, some works have pointed out the necessity of the integration of the control design and its implementation. One of these works reduce the delay variance of control tasks (defined as the control action interval (CAI) and data acquisition interval (DAI) parameters) splitting every task into three parts. The CAI reduction method highly reduces the delay variance and improves the control performance. This work shows how to evaluate these delays under static and dynamic scheduling policies. A new task model is proposed in order to reduce the CAI and DAI parameters, which implies an improvement in the control performance. The new task model will be implemented in a real process, and the experimental measurements will show how, effectively, the control performance is highly improved with the methods presented in this paper. 相似文献
8.
Modified FeCrAl coatings were studied with respect to their capability to form a thin protective oxide scale in liquid lead environment. They were manufactured by low pressure plasma spraying and GESA surface melting, thereby tuning the Al content. The specimens were exposed for 900 h to liquid lead containing 10?6 and 10?8 wt.% oxygen, respectively, at various temperatures from 400 to 550 °C. Threshold values for an Al content that guarantees the formation of thin protective Al-rich oxide scales are determined, dependent on the respective chromium content, on the presence of yttrium in the modified coating, and on the exposure conditions. 相似文献
9.
Hannan Tahir Carles Bona-Casas Andrew James Narracott Javaid Iqbal Julian Gunn Patricia Lawford Alfons G. Hoekstra 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2014,11(94)
Re-establishing a functional endothelium following endovascular treatment is an important factor in arresting neointimal proliferation. In this study, both histology (in vivo) and computational simulations (in silico) are used to evaluate neointimal growth patterns within coronary arteries along the axial direction of the stent. Comparison of the growth configurations in vivo and in silico was undertaken to identify candidate mechanisms for endothelial repair. Stent, lumen and neointimal areas were measured from histological sections obtained from eight right coronary stented porcine arteries. Two re-endothelialization scenarios (endothelial cell (EC) random seeding and EC growth from proximal and distal ends) were implemented in silico to evaluate their influence on the morphology of the simulated lesions. Subject to the assumptions made in the current simulations, comparison between in vivo and in silico results suggests that endothelial growth does not occur from the proximal and distal ends alone, but is more consistent with the assumption of a random seeding process. This may occur either from the patches of endothelium which survive following stent implantation or from attachment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. 相似文献
10.
Wolfram Witte Daniel Abou‐Ras Karsten Albe Gottfried H. Bauer Frank Bertram Christian Boit Rudolf Brüggemann Jürgen Christen Jens Dietrich Axel Eicke Dimitrios Hariskos Matthias Maiberg Roland Mainz Max Meessen Mathias Müller Oliver Neumann Thomas Orgis Stefan Paetel Johan Pohl Humberto Rodriguez‐Alvarez Roland Scheer Hans‐Werner Schock Thomas Unold Alfons Weber Michael Powalla 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(6):717-733
The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the InCu antisite in CuGaSe2 is significantly lower compared with the GaCu antisite in CuInSe2, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献