Cathode plasma electrolytic deposition of Al2O3 coatings doped with SiC particles

Semiconductor particles doped Al₂O₃ coatings were prepared by cathode plasma electrolytic deposition in Al(NO₃)₃ electrolyte dispersed with SiC micro- and nano-particles (average particle sizes of 0.5–1.7?µm and 40?nm respectively). The effects of the concentrations and particle sizes of the SiC on the microstructures and tribological performances of the composite coatings were studied. In comparison with the case of dispersing with SiC microparticles, the dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in the coatings was more uniform. When the concentration of SiC nanoparticles was 5?g/L, the surface roughness of the composite coating was reduced by 63%, compared with that of the unmodified coating. Friction results demonstrated that the addition of 5?g/L SiC nanoparticles reduced the friction coefficient from 0.60 to 0.38 and decreased the wear volume under dry friction. The current density and bath voltage were measured to analyze the effects of SiC particles on the deposition process. The results showed that the SiC particles could alter the electrical behavior of the coatings during the deposition process, weaken the bombardment of the plasma, and improve the structures of the coatings.     

三门峡地区黄土工程特性

三门峡地区广泛分布第四纪黄土及黄土状土,通过分析该地区黄土的颗粒成分、矿物成分、化学成分、微观结构特征,分析了黄土的工程特性,结果表明:该地区Q3黄土的组成与中更新统黄土的矿物组成基本相近,颗粒组成以粉粒为主,黏粒含量大于我国西北地区,粉粒含量小于西北地区;全新统黄土、晚更新统黄土为中等、强湿陷性黄土,湿陷性系数为0.020~0.098,中更新统黄土一般不具有湿陷性。     

不同围压和层理下板岩三轴蠕变试验及损伤模型研究

为了研究围压和层理对板岩三轴蠕变特性的影响,制备了最大主应力方向与层理夹角为 0°和 90°的 2 组岩样( 0°为平行组; 90°为垂直组) ,分别进行 5 MPa、10 MPa、15 MPa 围压下的三轴蠕变试验。结果显示: 板岩在三轴应力条件下的蠕变具有瞬时弹性阶段、稳定蠕变阶段、加速蠕变阶段这三个阶段特征; 在同一围压下,垂直组试样加载级数大于平行组岩样加载级数; 垂直组试样的瞬时弹性应变高于平行组试样; 垂直组试样的累计蠕变应变均低于平行组试样。计算长期强度与峰值强度的比值得到垂直组试样的强度损伤低于平行组试样; 围压越高,试样蠕变变形越小,峰值强度和长期强度越高。基于 Kachanov 蠕变损伤理论,考虑层理角度的损伤,引进一个弹塑性损伤元件,建立了描述不同层理角度板岩蠕变过程的改进西原模型,用该模型对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明: 模型能够较好地反映蠕变三阶段; 垂直组试样的弹性模量、黏滞系数比平行组试样相对较大,蠕变参数基本随着围压的增大而增大,体现了围压效应,这与试验结果相吻合。     

基于控制特征量响应的多端柔性直流输电线路保护

多端柔性直流输电系统控制灵活,系统故障时控制与保护联系紧密。在考虑柔性直流输电不同控制策略下控制过程量的响应特征基础上,利用控制信号暂态能量的大小关系识别区内外故障,并利用正负极的暂态能量比值进行故障选极,提出一种基于外环功率控制类特征信号检测直流输电线路故障的保护方案。该方案充分利用换流器的快速响应能力,实现简单,故障检测时间快,便于控制和保护的集成设计,能够实现对不同控制策略和控制参数的自适应保护。最后,通过大量仿真验证了所提保护方案在故障识别以及故障选极上的有效性,并考虑多种因素的影响,验证了保护的可靠性。     

跨区域省间富余可再生能源电力现货交易的实践和思考

可再生能源装机占比快速增加,消纳任务艰巨,跨省跨区市场化交易在促进可再生能源大范围消纳中发挥了重要作用。针对国家电网有限公司组织开展的跨区域省间富余可再生能源电力现货交易,总结了现货交易的基本框架,概述了其组织流程、市场衔接等交易机制。根据4年以来的实际运行情况,从电量和电价的角度对年度、月度、日成交情况进行全面总结,并建立了评估指标体系,分析其在促进可再生能源消纳和形成分时电价方面的积极作用。结合新型电力系统建设目标和电力市场发展要求,分析了跨区域省间富余可再生能源电力现货在交易范围、交易机制、参与主体等方面的局限性,并提出了未来省间电力现货市场建设的相关建议。     

省间电力现货交易机制设计与探索

随着电力市场化改革的逐渐深入和新能源渗透率的快速提升,我国电源结构和电力供需情况正在发生深刻变化,从而对新能源消纳和省间余缺互济提出了更高要求。目前省间余缺互济市场化机制缺失,亟需开展省间电力现货交易,通过市场化手段开展省间余缺互济,促进可再生能源大范围消纳。文章在跨区域省间富余可再生能源现货交易实践基础上,结合电网实际运行需要,进一步扩大交易范围、丰富交易主体、完善交易机制,建立了省间电力现货交易整体框架,设计了市场衔接、竞价出清、多级调度协同运作等关键机制,提出了市场出清模型。最后通过算例分析验证了上述机制的可行性和有效性。可为开展省间电力现货交易提供切实可行的实施路径和技术方案。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料修饰碳糊电极测定镉(Ⅱ)离子

采用原位聚合法制备石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行了表征;并将制得的石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料作为化学修饰剂制成石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料修饰碳糊电极,利用三电极体系循环伏安法,在NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液中测定镉离子(Cd~(2+))的电化学行为。结果表明:石墨烯/聚苯胺(GSs/PANI)复合材料提高了碳糊电极的电化学性能,使其对Cd~(2+)的电化学响应和选择性均得到提高。在石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料质量分数为0.5%,pH=10.75的NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液的最佳检测条件下,Cd~(2+)的响应电流与Cd~(2+)的浓度在1.0×10-8~2.0×10-5 mol·L-1的范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9939,检出限为2.246×10-8 mol·L-1。     

移动互联网流量经营数据分析与案例研究

针对电信业进入3G时代的经营特点和现状,本文提出流量经营是当前发展3G业务的关键.研究了支撑流量经营的数据分析方法,并结合实际应用案例,通过数据挖掘探析流量经营蕴涵的附加价值,为国内电信运营商建立有效的流量经营模式提供了参考.     

Investigations on Radiation Tolerance of Mn+1AXn Phases: Study of Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, Cr2AlC,Cr2GeC,Ti2AlC,and Ti2AlN

Nanolaminated M_n+1AX_n phases as candidate materials for next generation nuclear reactor applications show great potential in tolerating radiation damage. However, different M_n+1AX_n materials behave very differently when exposed to energetic neutron and ion irradiations. Based on first‐principle calculations, the radiation tolerance of two M₃AX₂ and four M₂AX phases were studied in this work, covering all the M_n+1AX_n phases previously investigated with experiments. We have calculated the formation energies of Frenkel pairs and antisite pairs in these materials. The improved radiation tolerance from Ti₃AlC₂ to Ti₂AlC observed by experiments can be understood in terms of different Al/TiC layer ratio as the A atomic plane in the nanolaminated crystal M_n+1AX_n accommodates radiation‐induced point defects. The formation of M_A–A_M antisite pair in M_n+1AX_n materials would provide an alternative way to accommodate the defects resulted from radiation damage cascades, whereas this ideal substitution channel does not exist for Cr₂GeC due to its pronouncedly higher M_A–A_M antisite pair formation energy. To further elucidate their radiation damage tolerance mechanism, we have made a detailed analysis on their interatomic M–X, M–A, and X–A bonding characters. Criteria based on the bonding analysis are proposed to assess the radiation tolerance of the six M_n+1AX_n materials, which can be further applied to explore other M_n+1AX_n phases with respect to their performances under radiation environment.     

Structural Transitions Induced by Ion Irradiation in V2AlC and Cr2AlC

Nanolayered structural metallic ceramics, MAX phases, possess unique and highly attractive properties, including excellent radiation tolerance for some of them, whereas little is known about the detailed process of irradiation‐induced structural transitions. In this study, the microstructural transformations and the stabilities of V₂AlC and Cr₂AlC induced by 1 MeV Au⁺ ions irradiation over a wide range of fluences were investigated by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). GIXRD analyses show different processes of phase transitions and amorphization tolerance under irradiation between these two MAX phases, which are consistent with the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results and the high‐resolution observations. TEM observations reveal that the nanolamellar structures are disturbed and respective phase transitions occur at relatively low fluences, with the formation of stacking faults. As the fluence increases, Cr₂AlC becomes completely amorphous, while V₂AlC are gradually transformed into face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure from the original hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) structure without amorphization, indicating that V₂AlC is more tolerant of irradiation than Cr₂AlC. Based on the phase contrast images and the electron‐diffraction pattern (EDP) simulation of the microstructures, mechanisms of the phase transitions of V₂AlC and Cr₂AlC are proposed and the difference of the irradiation tolerance between them is discussed.