Using computational methodology to price European options with actual payoff distributions

Most option pricing methods use mathematical distributions to approximate underlying asset behavior. However, pure mathematical distribution approaches have difficulty approximating the real distribution. This study first introduces an innovative computational method for pricing European options based on the real payoff distribution of the underlying asset. This computational approach can also be applied to applications related to expected value that require real distributions rather than mathematical distributions. This study makes the following contributions: (a) solving the risk neutral issue related to price options with real payoff distributions; (b) proposing a simple method for adjusting standard deviation based on the need to apply short term volatility to real world applications; (c) demonstrating an option pricing algorithm that is easy to apply to cross field applications.     

Preparation, characterization, and application of titanium nano-tube array in dye-sensitized solar cells

ABSTRACT: The vertically orientated TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) decorated with TiO2 nano-particles was successfully fabricated by electrochemically anodizing titanium (Ti) foils followed by Ti-precursor post-treatment and annealing process. The TNA morphology characterized by SEM and TEM was found to be filled with TiO2 nano-particles interior and exterior of the TiO2 nano-tubes after titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TnB) treatment, whereas TiO2 nano-particles were only found inside of TiO2 nano-tubes upon titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment. The efficiency in TNA-based DSSCs was improved by both TnB and TiCl4 treatment presumably due to the increase of dye adsorption.     

Effects of Oolong Tea Supplementation on Lipid Peroxidation of Athletes at Rest and Post-exhaustive Exercise

ABSTRACT: Oolong tea contains polyphenolic catechins that can act as antioxidants and improve blood lipid status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a daily intake of Oolong tea for 30 d on the cholesterol profiles, lipid peroxidation level, and superoxide dismutase activity in athletes before and after exhaustive exercise. Twenty-two male rugby players served as the experiment subjects. They were divided into 2 groups: the tea-supplement group and control group. The results showed that there was a significant increase in total plasma cholesterol for both groups after training. There were no significant differences in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level after tea supplementation. However, ingestion of Oolong tea resulted in significantly lower resting and post-exhaustive exercise level of plasma malondialdehyde, and significantly lower resting level of superoxide dismutase activity. The results suggest that supplementation with Oolong tea for rugby players can decrease oxidative stress, and this can be explained by the decrease of lipid peroxidation level in cooperation with Oolong tea supplementation against the free radicals.